Central Asia. Region of the Asian continent Central Asia is a region in Asia which stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[4] It is also colloquially referred to as "the stans" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of".[5] Various neighbouring areas are sometimes also considered part of the region.
In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Central Asia was predominantly Iranian,[10][11] populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae. Definitions[edit] Political map of Central Asia (2000) Expanded definition of Central Asia. Geography[edit] Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming. Climate[edit] Turkmenistan Tries to Resurrect Mobile Phone Sector. ASHGABAT, Turkmenistan — Turkmenistan has signed deals with international telecom equipment makers to help improve the service provided by the energy-rich Central Asian nation's beleaguered mobile phone monopoly, officials said Friday. The mobile phone sector in this isolated ex-Soviet nation was dealt a devastating blow last year when authorities pulled the license of Russian-owned operator Mobile TeleSystems, leaving about 2.4 million subscribers without service. Turkmenistan's Communications Ministry said the agreement with China's Huawei Technologies and Finnish-German venture Nokia Siemens Networks would enable it to increase capacity at the country's only remaining mobile phone operator, Altyn Asyr.
President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov last month criticized Altyn Asyr, which currently serves more than 1 million users, saying that "bungling" at the state-owned company was harming its efficiency. Nakhitchevan. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Étymologie[modifier | modifier le code] Histoire[modifier | modifier le code] Histoire antique et médiévale[modifier | modifier le code] Submergée par l’invasion des Seldjoukides, la région est incluse entre 1135 et 1225 dans le royaume fondé par l’atabeg Shams al-Din Eldiguz (mort en 1175). Elle subit ensuite la domination des Mongols et de leurs successeurs directs les Ilkhanides musulmans (1231-1340), celle de l’éphémère empire des Timourides (1382-1405) et de ses successeurs turcomans, les Qara Qoyunlu de 1405-1468 puis les Aq Qoyunlu de 1468-1501[5]. Guerres irano-ottomanes[modifier | modifier le code] La région est incluse une première fois dans l’empire des Séfévides en 1502, et ensuite, après de longues luttes indécises, dans l’Empire ottoman à partir de 1588/1589 jusqu’au début du XVIIe siècle[5].
En 1747, sous la dynastie locale des Kangarlou, le khanat de Nakhitchevan parvient toutefois à s'émanciper de la tutelle iranienne. Seldjoukides. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Turcs. Dynastie des Seldjoukides سلجوقيان/Salcūqiyān (fa) Selçuklular / Selçükîler (tr) الدولة السلجوقية (ar) Extension maximale de l'empire des Seldjoukides en 1092 sous Malik Shah Ier Les Seldjoukides, Seljoukides ou Saljûqides (en persan : سلجوقيان ; en turc : Selçuklu) sont les membres d'une tribu turque qui a émigré du Turkestan vers le Proche-Orient avant de régner sur les actuels Iran et Irak ainsi que sur l'Asie mineure entre le milieu du XIe siècle et la fin du XIIIe siècle. Origines[modifier | modifier le code] Famille issue de la tribu turcique oghouze des Kınık vivant à l'origine au nord de la mer d'Aral, les Seldjoukides, tribus nomades venues d'Asie centrale, régnèrent sur le royaume des Oghouzes (turc Oğuz) à partir de 990.
La lignée des Seldjoukides de Roum, quant à elle, perdura jusqu'en 1307, résistant tant bien que mal aux croisades et aux dissensions internes. Ordre de succession : C.E. Haut-Karabagh. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. République du Haut-Karabagh Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետություն (hy) Le Haut-Karabagh, Haut-Karabakh ou Artsakh, en forme longue la République du Haut-Karabagh ou République d'Artsakh (en arménien Արցախ, Artsakh ou Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ, Leṙnayin Gharabagh et Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետություն, Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetutyun ; en azéri Dağlıq Qarabağ ou Yuxarı Qarabağ et Dağlıq Qarabağ Respublikası ou Yuxarı Qarabağ Respublikası), est une république autoproclamée de Transcaucasie.
Majoritairement peuplé d'Arméniens (80 %), il a déclaré son indépendance le ; celle-ci n'est pas reconnue par la communauté internationale, à l'exception de l'Abkhazie, de l'Ossétie du Sud et de la Transnistrie. Sa superficie est d'environ 11 500 km2 et sa population s'élève à 145 000 habitants[2]. Sa capitale est Stepanakert. Dénomination[modifier | modifier le code] Histoire[modifier | modifier le code] Protohistoire[modifier | modifier le code] Monastère d'Amaras. Guerre du Haut-Karabagh. The caucasus crisis. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Coordinates: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO (simplified Chinese: 上海合作组织; traditional Chinese: 上海合作組織; pinyin: Shànghǎi Hézuò Zǔzhī; Russian: Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС), Shankhayskaya organizatsiya sotrudnichestva) is a Eurasian political, economic and military organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation. Official names[edit] The official working languages of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are Chinese and Russian. Chinese: Russian: Cyrillic: Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС)Romanisation: Shankhayskaya organizatsiya sotrudnichestva (ShOS) Membership[edit] Member States[1] Origins[edit] In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai, China. Organisational structure[edit] Summits[edit] Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea (Azerbaijani: Xəzər dənizi, Kazakh: Каспий теңізі, Persian: دریای خزر Daryā-i Xazar, دریای مازندران Daryā-i Māzandarān, Russian: Каспийское море, Turkmen: Hazar deňizi) is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.[2][3] The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 (143,200 sq mi) (not including Garabogazköl Aylagy) and a volume of 78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi).[4] It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) and is bounded to the northwest by Russia, to the west by Azerbaijan, to the south by Iran, to the southeast by Turkmenistan, and to the northeast by Kazakhstan.
The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean, probably because of its saltiness and seeming boundlessness. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of most seawater. Etymology[edit] Physical characteristics[edit] Formation[edit] Geography[edit] Hydrology[edit] Nature[edit] Russia national interest in the Caspian region.