Max Horkheimer. First published Wed Jun 24, 2009; substantive revision Sun Jul 21, 2013 Max Horkheimer (1895–1973) was a leader of the “Frankfurt School,” a group of philosophers and social scientists associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research) in Frankfurt am Main. Horkheimer was the director of the Institute and Professor of Social Philosophy at the University of Frankfurt from 1930–1933, and again from 1949–1958. In between those periods he would lead the Institute in exile, primarily in America. As a philosopher he is best known (especially in the Anglophone world), for his work during the 1940s, including Dialectic of Enlightenment, which was co-authored with Theodor Adorno. 1. Max Horkheimer was born into a conservative Jewish family on February 14, 1895, the only son of Moritz and Babette Horkheimer.
The most important moments of Horkheimer's early academic career would come in 1930. 2. 2.1. 2.2 Reason and Emancipation 2.3 Critiques of Metaphysics and Science. Jürgen Habermas. Biography[edit] Habermas was born in Düsseldorf, Rhine Province, in 1929. He was born with a cleft palate and had corrective surgery twice during childhood.[4] Habermas argues that his speech disability made him think differently about the importance of communication and prefer writing over the spoken word as a medium.[5] From 1956 on, he studied philosophy and sociology under the critical theorists Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno at the Goethe University Frankfurt's Institute for Social Research, but because of a rift between the two over his dissertation—Horkheimer had made unacceptable demands for revision—as well as his own belief that the Frankfurt School had become paralyzed with political skepticism and disdain for modern culture[6]—he finished his habilitation in political science at the University of Marburg under the Marxist Wolfgang Abendroth.
Habermas then returned to his chair at Frankfurt and the directorship of the Institute for Social Research. Teacher and mentor[edit] KARL KRAUS -UN PENSADOR- - Todo arte es memoria, y la memoria nos preserva de la destrucción. Wittgenstein. Desde luego que cuando la metafísica o la ética adoptaban la forma de la ciencia natural su actitud era intolerante y destructiva. Para Wittgenstein la metafísica y la ética pertenecen al reino de lo trascendental, de lo que no puede decirse, sino sólo mostrarse[4] . Esto que sólo puede mostrarse, nunca decirse, es “lo místico”. En relación con esto en el Tractatus leemos: “De lo que no se puede hablar, se tiene que callar”. Lo que importa destacar aquí, es que, en opinión de Wittgenstein, “Hay… lo inexpresable, lo que se muestra a sí mismo” [5], es decir, existe lo místico, y que esto místico se muestra de algún modo, aunque no en el lenguaje usual.
Es justamente este reconocimiento de un ámbito místico, lo que me permite sostener que la posición de Wittgenstein no es antimetafísica, al menos no al modo del Positivismo Lógico. Por su parte Neurath apuntó que en lo que respecta a la metafísica, había ciertamente que callar, pero que eso no representaba un callar sobre algo. Freud, Debate sobre la Guerra. El Gran Inquisidor, Feodor Dostoievski (1821-1881)