Moon landing. Clickable imagemap of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date. Dates are landing dates in UTC. Still frame from a video transmission, taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon, at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time.[1][2] Luna 2, the first object made on Earth to reach the surface of the Moon.
A moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. The United States' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969.[4] There have been six manned U.S. landings (between 1969 and 1972) and numerous unmanned landings, with no soft landings happening from 1976 until 14 December 2013. Unmanned landings[edit] The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970. Manned landings[edit] Luna 2. Luna 2 site is near the right of the image, close to the Apollo 15 landing site Launch was scheduled for September 9, but the Blok I core stage was shut down after it failed to reach full thrust at ignition.
The booster was removed from the pad and replaced by a different vehicle, delaying the flight by three days. Luna 2, like Luna 1, took a direct path to the Moon with a journey time of around 36 hours. This was dictated by the fact that the Earth-Moon gravitational system forced it to follow a curved trajectory, and launch had to occur from the side of the Earth opposite the Moon. Its journey time had to be, therefore, 12 hours, 36 hours or 60 hours in order to ensure that the Moon was above the horizon in the Soviet Union. Luna 2 hit the Moon about 800 kilometres from the centre of the visible disk 1959 September 13 at 21:02:24.[3] Luna 2 was similar in design to Luna 1, a spherical spacecraft with protruding antennas and instrument parts. Van Allen Radiation Belt[edit] See also[edit]
Lunokhod programme. The Lunokhod mission diagram. Soviet moonrover Development[edit] Parabolic dish TNA-400 and abandoned NIP-10 Lunokhod's original primary mission was the survey of sites for later manned landings and lunar bases. It was intended that the spacecraft would provide a radio beacon for precision landings of manned spacecraft. At least four complete vehicles were constructed, with the serial numbers 201, 203, 204 and 205. Lunokhod 201[edit] After years of secret engineering development and training, the first Lunokhod (vehicle 8ЕЛ№201) was launched on February 19, 1969. Lunokhod 1[edit] Lunokhod 1 robot vehicle After the destruction of the original Lunokhod, Soviet engineers began work immediately on another lunar vehicle. Luna 17 was launched on November 10, 1970 at 14:44:01 UTC.
The spacecraft soft-landed on the Moon in the Sea of Rains on November 17, 1970 at 03:47 UTC. The rover ran during the lunar day, stopping occasionally to recharge its batteries via the solar panels. Rover description[edit] Voyager Golden Record. Cover of the Voyager Golden Record The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records which were included aboard both Voyager spacecrafts, which were launched in 1977. They contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The Voyager spacecrafts are not heading towards any particular star, but Voyager 1 will be within 1.6 light-years of the star Gliese 445, currently in the constellation Camelopardalis, in about 40,000 years.[1] As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, the probability of a space-faring civilization encountering them is very small, especially since the probes will eventually stop emitting electromagnetic radiation meant for communication.
Background[edit] The Voyager 1 and 2 probes are currently the farthest man made objects from Earth. Contents[edit] Playback[edit] Materials[edit] Film[edit] Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, the nation's highest honour.
Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission (which ended in a fatal crash). Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, which was later named after him. Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting crashed. Early life and education Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death), on 9 March 1934.[1] His parents worked on a collective farm:[2] Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and bricklayer, and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a milkmaid.
[note 2][3] Yuri was the third of four children: older brother Valentin, older sister Zoya, and younger brother Boris.[4] Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. Moon landing. 3C 321. 3C 321 is a system of two galaxies rotating around each other. They are notable for showing the first observed galaxy smiting another galaxy with a blast of energy, which is theorized to be from a supermassive black hole at the center of the former galaxy. The larger galaxy, dubbed the "Death Star Galaxy" by NASA astronomers, has an energetic jet directed towards its companion. The discovery was announced by NASA Dec 18 2007. Observation of the enormous jet was possible due to the combined efforts of both space and ground-based telescopes.
Tools included NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, the Very Large Array-VLA, and the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network. References[edit] Earth's shadow. The Earth's shadow or Earth shadow (also sometimes known as the dark segment) are names for the shadow that the Earth itself casts on its atmosphere. This shadow is often visible from the surface of the Earth, as a dark band in the sky near the horizon. This atmospheric phenomenon can sometimes be seen twice a day, around the times of sunset and sunrise. Whereas the phenomenon of night (a function of being in the shadow of the Earth) is very familiar to all, the effect of the Earth's shadow on the atmosphere is quite often visible in the sky, and yet often goes unrecognized. This shadow is visible to observers as it falls on the atmosphere of the Earth during the twilight hours.
When the weather conditions and the observer's viewing point permit a clear sight of the horizon, the shadow can be seen as a dark blue or greyish-blue band. Appearance[edit] Earth's shadow and Belt of Venus at sunset, looking east from the Marin Headlands just north of San Francisco. Belt of Venus[edit] Gomez's Hamburger. Gomez's Hamburger is believed to be a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk.[1] It was initially identified as a planetary nebula (i.e. an old dying star), and its distance therefore wrongly estimated to be approximately 6500 light-years away from planet Earth.[2] However, recent results suggest that this object is a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk whose distance is only around 900 light-years away.[1][3] It was discovered in 1985 on sky photographs obtained by Arturo Gomez, support technical staff at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory near Vicuña, Chile.[4] The photos suggested that there was a dark band across the object, but its exact structure was difficult to determine because of the atmospheric turbulence that hampers all images taken from the ground.
The star itself has a surface temperature of approximately 10,000 °C (18,000 °F). The "hamburger buns" are light reflecting off dust, and the "petit paté" is the dark band of dust in the middle. How are astronomers able to measure how far away a star is?"