The Settlers (Earth Paleogeography Included)
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World History Maps by Thomas Lessman
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Vedic period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of northern India in the late Vedic period The Vedic period (or Vedic age ) was a period in history during which the Vedas , the oldest scriptures of Hinduism , were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda , the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. [ 1 ] The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature . [ 2 ] Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times.
Indra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indra ( Devanagari : इन्द्र) or Śakra is the King of the gods or Devas and Lord of Heaven or Svargaloka in Hindu mythology . He is also the God of War, Storms, and Rainfall and is associated with Vajrapani - the Chief Dharmapala or Defender and Protector of the Buddha , Dharma and Sangha who embodies the power of all primordial or Dhyani Buddhas . Indra is one of the chief deities in the Rigveda . He is celebrated as a demiurge who pushes up the sky, releases dawn (Ushas) from the Vala cave, and slays Vṛtra ; both latter actions are central to the Soma sacrifice.
The Sarasvati River ( Sanskrit : सरस्वती नदी sárasvatī nadī ) is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu texts . The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda (10.75) mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later Vedic texts like Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas as well as the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert. The goddess Sarasvati was originally a personification of this river, but later developed an independent identity and gained meaning. The identification of the Vedic Sarasvati River with the Ghaggar-Hakra River was accepted by Christian Lassen , [ 1 ] Max Müller , [ 2 ] Marc Aurel Stein , C.F.
Sarasvati River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Vedas ( Sanskrit वेदाः véda , " knowledge ") are a large body of texts originating in ancient India . Composed in Vedic Sanskrit , the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Vedas are apauruṣeya ("not of human agency"). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] They are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"), [ 6 ] [ 7 ] distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). The Vedic texts or śruti are organized around four canonical collections of metrical material known as Saṃhitā s, of which the first three are related to the performance of yajna ( sacrifice ) in historical Vedic religion : The individual verses contained in these compilations are known as mantras . Some selected Vedic mantras are still recited at prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions in contemporary Hinduism.
Vedas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ramayana Scene, Gupta Art, Indian National Museum, New Delhi. The Ramayana ( Sanskrit : रामायण , Rāmāyaṇa , IPA : [rɑːˈmɑːjəɳə] ? ) is an ancient Sanskrit epic . It is ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu canon ( smṛti ), considered to be itihāsa . [ 1 ] The Ramayana is one of the two great epics of India and Nepal, the other being the Mahabharata . [ 2 ] It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king. The name Ramayana is a tatpurusha compound of Rāma and ayana ("going, advancing"), translating to " Rama 's Journey ".
Ramayana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mahabharata ( Sanskrit Mahābhārata महाभारत , IPA: [məɦaːˈbʱaːrət̪ə] ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India , the other being the Ramayana . The epic is part of itihasa . [ 1 ] Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kauravas and the Pandavas , the Mahabharata contains much philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or purusharthas (12.161).
Mahabharata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rigveda ( Sanskrit : ऋग्वेद ṛgveda , a compound of ṛc "praise, verse" [ 1 ] and veda "knowledge") is an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns . It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts ( śruti ) of Hinduism known as the Vedas . [ 2 ] Some of its verses are still recited as Hindu prayers, at religious functions and other occasions, putting these among the world's oldest religious texts in continued use. The Rigveda contains several mythological and poetical accounts of the origin of the world, hymns praising the gods, and ancient prayers for life, prosperity, etc. [ 3 ] It is one of the oldest extant texts in any Indo-European language . Philological and linguistic evidence indicate that the Rigveda was composed in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent , roughly between 1700–1100 BC [ 4 ] (the early Vedic period ).
Rigveda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Upanishads - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Upanishads ( Sanskrit : उपनिषद् , IAST : Upaniṣad , IPA: [upəniʂəd] ) are philosophical texts considered to be an early source of Hindu religion . Traditionally, these texts are considered to be authorless, and are categorized as Śruti . The Upanishads are found mostly the concluding part of the Brahmanas and in the Aranyakas . All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition . More than 200 are known, of which the first dozen or so, the oldest and most important, are variously referred to as the principal, main ( mukhya ) or old Upanishads. With the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra (known collectively as the Prasthanatrayi ), the mukhya Upanishads provide a foundation for several later schools of Indian philosophy ( vedanta ), among them, two influential monistic schools of Hinduism. [ note 1 ] [ note 2 ] [ note 3 ]