Popular culture. Idiot (disambiguation) Idiot refers to a mentally deficient person. Idiot may also refer to: Knight. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have become the subject of legend; others have disappeared into obscurity. Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries, such as the English Order of the Garter, the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim, and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century.
Etymology[edit] Khosrau II dressed as a mounted Persian knight riding on his favourite horse, Shabdiz.The oldest known relief of a heavily armoured cavalryman, from the Sassanid empire, Taqé Bostan, Iran (4th century). Chivalric code[edit] Propaganda. Propaganda is a form of communication aimed towards influencing the attitude of a population toward some cause or position. While the term propaganda has acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples, propaganda in its original sense was neutral and could refer to uses that were generally positive, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to law enforcement.
Etymology[edit] From the 1790s, the term began being used also for propaganda in secular activities.[2] The term began taking a pejorative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere.[2] Types[edit] Defining propaganda has always been a problem. According to historian Zbyněk Zeman, propaganda is defined as either white, grey or black. US Office for War Information poster implying that working less helped the Axis powers. Meme. A meme (/ˈmiːm/ meem)[1] is "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. "[2] A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme.
Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures.[3] The word meme is a shortening (modeled on gene) of mimeme (from Ancient Greek μίμημα Greek pronunciation: [míːmɛːma] mīmēma, "imitated thing", from μιμεῖσθαι mimeisthai, "to imitate", from μῖμος mimos "mime")[4] and it was coined by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene (1976)[1][5] as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena. Dawkins' own position is somewhat ambiguous: he obviously welcomed N. K. History[edit] Secret government. Internal Revenue Service. IRS Building in Washington D.C. IRS location sign on Constitution Avenue, NW The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government.
The agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and the interpretation and enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code. The first income tax was assessed in 1862 to raise funds for the American Civil War, with a rate of 3%. Today the IRS collects over $2.4 trillion each tax year from around 234 million tax returns. History[edit] American Civil War (1861–65)[edit] In July 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln and Congress created the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue and enacted a temporary income tax to pay war expenses (see Revenue Act of 1862). The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax. The IRS reinvents itself (1913–1970)[edit] Gentrification. Gentrification is a shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values.[1] Gentrification is typically the result of investment in a community by local government, community activists, or business groups, and can often spur economic development, attract business, and lower crime rates.
In addition to these potential benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration, which involves poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers. In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases and average family size decreases. Poorer pre-gentrification residents who are unable to pay increased rents or property taxes[dubious ] may be driven out. Often old industrial buildings are converted to residences and shops. Origin and etymology[edit] Gentrification is a multi-faceted phenomenon that can be defined in different ways.[5] Causes[edit] The community-network approach is the fourth proposed by London and Palen. Aristocracy. Concept[edit] The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of leading citizens was commonly empowered and contrasted with direct democracy, in which a council of male citizens was appointed as the "senate" of a city state or other political unit. The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1][need quotation to verify] Modern depictions of aristocracy tend to regard it not as a legitimate aristocracy (rule by the best), but rather as a plutocracy (rule by the rich).
Advocates of aristocracy[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit] History, John Cannon (Editor), Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4Aristocracy in the Modern World, Ellis Wasson, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. High society. High society may refer to: In film, theatre, and television: In literature: In music: Environmentalist. An environmentalist broadly supports the goals of the environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities".[1] An environmentalist is engaged in or believes in the philosophy of environmentalism.
Environmentalists are sometimes referred to using informal or derogatory terms such as "greenie" and "tree-hugger".[2] Notable environmentalists[edit] Some of the notable environmentalists who have been active in lobbying for environmental protection and sustainability include: See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] EnviroLink Network - A non-profit clearinghouse of environmental news and information. Indigenous peoples. Indigenous people are people defined in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations that are often politically dominant.[1] The concept of indigenous people defines these groups as particularly vulnerable to exploitation, marginalization and oppression by nation states that may still be formed from the colonising populations, or by politically dominant ethnic groups.
Terms and etymologies[edit] Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are: aboriginal, native, original, first, and hereditary owners in indigenous law. Definition of indigeneity[edit] There is no single, universally accepted definition of the term "indigenous peoples"; however, the four most often invoked elements are:[7] Academics who define indigenous peoples as "living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. 1. Freak. In current usage, the word "freak" is commonly used to refer to a person with something strikingly unusual about their appearance or behaviour.
This usage dates from the so-called freak scene of the 1960s and 1970s. An older usage refers to the physically deformed, or having extraordinary diseases and conditions, such as sideshow performers. This has fallen into disuse, except as a pejorative, and (among the performers of such shows) as jargon. "Freaks" of this kind can be classified into two groups: natural freaks and made freaks. A natural freak would usually refer to a genetic abnormality, while a made freak is a once normal person who experienced or initiated an alteration at some point in life (such as receiving surgical implants). 'Freak' can also be seen being used as a surname, derived from French and Scottish heritage. History In early science, there were many theories concerning the existence of natural abnormalities. Postmodern examples Frank Zappa and the freak subculture.
Glossary of 'carny' slang. A carny is a carnival employee. Carny, Carnie, or Carnies may also refer to: People with the given name Carnie: Portal:Philosophy of science. Portal:Dinosaurs. Monkey. A monkey is any nonhuman primate, with the usual exception of the lemurs and tarsiers.[1] Thus defined, there are three type of monkeys: (1) non-human hominoids (also known as apes), (2) old world monkeys, and (3) new world monkeys. However, only the latter two are currently considered "monkeys" by most biologists. There are about 280 known living species of monkey (260 if non-human hominoids are excluded). Many are arboreal, although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent.
Unlike apes, old and new world monkeys usually have tails. Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to most modern biologists; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is called the "Barbary ape". Historical and modern terminology The scientific definition of "monkey" has evolved over the centuries. 19th century scientists viewed gorillas as a superior form of monkey[2] Physical description Classification In experiments In space. Chimpanzee. Chimpanzees, sometimes colloquially chimp, are two extant hominid species of apes in the genus Pan. The Congo River divides the native habitats of the two species:[2] Chimpanzees are members of the family Hominidae, along with gorillas, humans, and orangutans.
Chimpanzees split from the human branch of the family about four to six million years ago. Chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to humans, being members of the tribe Hominini (along with extinct species of subtribe Hominina). Chimpanzees are the only known members of the subtribe Panina. The two Pan species split only about one million years ago.
Evolutionary history Evolutionary relationship Fossils Though many human fossils have been found, chimpanzee fossils were not described until 2005. Anatomy and physiology Human and chimp skulls and brains (not to scale), as illustrated in Gervais' Histoire naturelle des mammifères Neoteny Behavior Bonobo Social structure Intelligence Tool use Nest-building Chimpanzee mother and baby Aggression. Jane Goodall. Dame Jane Morris Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934)[2] is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace.[3] Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.[4] She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots program, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.
She has served on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project since its founding in 1996.[5][6] Early years Jane Goodall was born in London, England, in 1934 to Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall, a businessman, and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, a novelist who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.[2] As a child, she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father; her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals. Africa Personal life Work Activism. Sociology of knowledge. Sociology of the Internet. Idiot.
Sociology. Society. Shit. Sith. Xenu. Scientology: A History of Man. Scientology holidays. Book of Mormon. Fraternity. Category:Counterculture. Urine therapy. Trailer park. Flatulist. Flatulence. Force (Star Wars) Foo fighter. The Manchurian Candidate. Stupidity. Hippie. New Age travellers. Hillbilly. Pseudoscience. New Age. Phrenology. Hobo. Magician. Illuminati. Freemasonry. Mormons. Neanderthal. Human evolution. Caveman. Electroencephalography. Freeganism. Clear scientology. How to Write & Publish a Book for Dummies. How to Write an Instructional Booklet. HOW TO WRITE A BETTER INSTRUCTION MANUAL by Brian Konradt. How to write a book. How to write an instructional book. How to write an instructional manual.