background preloader

Epistemologie+epistemology

Facebook Twitter

Futures : Layered methodology: meanings, epistemes and the politics of knowledge. L'instabilité des catégories analytiques de la théorie féministe (1re Partie) Sandra Harding, Feminist Philosopher of Science. Cognitivsm+constructivism. Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism. 1.

Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism

A More Detailed General Description 1.1 Two Negative Constitutive Non-cognitivist Claims Two negative theses comprise the central common non-cognitivist claims, although current theories often endorse them only in qualified form. One thesis might be called semantic nonfactualism. Simply put this thesis denies that predicative moral sentences express propositions or have substantial truth conditions. Ontology of Observing. Enactivism. Von Glasersfeld - Interpreting Maturana. Petit vocabulaire raisonné à l'usage des enseignants débutants. Le constructivisme structuraliste. Intersections Between Pragmatist and Continental Feminism.

First published Fri Dec 6, 2002; substantive revision Thu Mar 17, 2011 Given the occasional confusion of the colloquial and the philosophical senses of the term “pragmatism” and the slipperiness of the term “continental” (or “postmodern”) philosophy, a word about the two fields is in order before turning to feminist approaches to their intersections.

Intersections Between Pragmatist and Continental Feminism

The so-called classical period of American philosophy, best known for its creation of American pragmatism, was developed in the United States from the late nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century by figures such as Jane Addams, W.E.B. Continental Feminism. First published Fri Mar 29, 2013 [Editor's Note: The following new entry by Jennifer Hansen replaces the former entry on this topic by the previous author.]

Continental Feminism

Continental feminism denotes a branch of feminist philosophy that draws on theoretical concepts and methods from the continental tradition. Henri Bergson. 1.

Henri Bergson

Life and works Bergson was born in Paris on October 18, 1859; he was the second of seven children of a Polish Father and English mother; both of his parents were Jewish. Bergson was a notably exceptional pupil throughout his childhood. Postmodernism. 1.

Postmodernism

Precursors The philosophical modernism at issue in postmodernism begins with Kant's “Copernican revolution,” that is, his assumption that we cannot know things in themselves and that objects of knowledge must conform to our faculties of representation (Kant 1787). Ideas such as God, freedom, immortality, the world, first beginning, and final end have only a regulative function for knowledge, since they cannot find fulfilling instances among objects of experience. With Hegel, the immediacy of the subject-object relation itself is shown to be illusory. As he states in The Phenomenology of Spirit, “we find that neither the one nor the other is only immediately present in sense-certainty, but each is at the same time mediated” (Hegel 1807, 59), because subject and object are both instances of a “this” and a “now,” neither of which are immediately sensed.

Many postmodern philosophers find in Heidegger a nostalgia for being they do not share. 2. Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Epistemological Problems of Perception. First published Thu Jul 12, 2001; substantive revision Sat May 5, 2007 The historically most central epistemological issue concerning perception, to which this article will be almost entirely devoted, is whether and how beliefs about physical objects and about the physical world generally can be justified or warranted on the basis of sensory or perceptual experience—where it is internalist justification, roughly having a reason to think that the belief in question is true, that is mainly in question (see the entry internalist vs. externalist conceptions of epistemic justification).

Epistemological Problems of Perception

This issue, commonly referred to as “the problem of the external world,” divides into two closely related sub-issues, which correspond to the first two main sections below. 1. Semantic Challenges to Realism. First published Thu Jan 11, 2001; substantive revision Tue Feb 1, 2011 According to metaphysical realism, the world is as it is independently of how humans take it to be.

Semantic Challenges to Realism

The objects the world contains, together with their properties and the relations they enter into, fix the world's nature and these objects exist independently of our ability to discover they do. Homosexuality. First published Tue Aug 6, 2002; substantive revision Fri Feb 11, 2011 The term ‘homosexuality’ was coined in the late 19th century by a German psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert.

Homosexuality

Although the term is new, discussions about sexuality in general, and same-sex attraction in particular, have occasioned philosophical discussion ranging from Plato's Symposium to contemporary queer theory. Since the history of cultural understandings of same-sex attraction is relevant to the philosophical issues raised by those understandings, it is necessary to review briefly some of the social history of homosexuality. Karl Popper. 1.

Karl Popper

Life Karl Raimund Popper was born on 28 July 1902 in Vienna, which at that time could make some claim to be the cultural epicentre of the western world. His parents, who were of Jewish origin, brought him up in an atmosphere which he was later to describe as ‘decidedly bookish’. His father was a lawyer by profession, but he also took a keen interest in the classics and in philosophy, and communicated to his son an interest in social and political issues which he was to never lose. His mother inculcated in him such a passion for music that for a time he seriously contemplated taking it up as a career, and indeed he initially chose the history of music as a second subject for his Ph.D. examination. Popper married Josephine Anna Henninger (‘Hennie’) in 1930, and she oversaw his welfare with unflagging support and devotion, serving additionally as his amanuensis until her death in 1985. 2. 3. 4.

Feminist Philosophy of Language > Notes. Critical Theory. 1.

Critical Theory

Critical Theory as Metaphilosophy: Philosophy, Ideology and Truth The best way to show how Critical Theory offers a distinctive philosophical approach is to locate it historically in German Idealism and its aftermath. For Marx and his generation, Hegel was the last in the grand tradition of philosophical thought able to give us secure knowledge of humanity and history on its own. The issue for Left Hegelians and Marx was then somehow to overcome Hegelian “theoretical” philosophy, and Marx argues that it can do so only by making philosophy “practical,” in the sense of changing practices by which societies realize their ideals. Once reason was thoroughly socialized and made historical, historicist skepticism emerged at the same time, attempting to relativize philosophical claims about norms and reason to historically and culturally variable forms of life.

In the modern era, philosophy defines its distinctive role in relation to the sciences. 2. 3. Semantic Conceptions of Information. First published Wed Oct 5, 2005; substantive revision Mon Feb 4, 2013 “I love information upon all subjects that come in my way, and especially upon those that are most important.” Thus boldly declares Euphranor, one of the defenders of Christian faith in Berkley's Alciphron (Dialogue 1, Section 5, Paragraph 6/10, see Berkeley [1732]). Evidently, information has been an object of philosophical desire for some time, well before the computer revolution, Internet or the dot.com pandemonium (see for example Dunn [2001] and Adams [2003]).

Yet what does Euphranor love, exactly? What is information? Information is notoriously a polymorphic phenomenon and a polysemantic concept so, as an explicandum, it can be associated with several explanations, depending on the level of abstraction (Floridi [2008]) adopted and the cluster of requirements and desiderata orientating a theory. Bertrand Russell. Photo by Larry Burrows First published Thu Dec 7, 1995; substantive revision Mon Oct 28, 2013 Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy.

His most influential contributions include his championing of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of Gottlob Frege's predicate calculus (which still forms the basis of most contemporary systems of logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance which is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Together with G.E. Private Language. Feminist Philosophy of Language. First published Fri Sep 3, 2004; substantive revision Tue Jun 15, 2010 Much of feminist philosophy of language so far can be described as critical—critical either of language itself or of philosophy of language, and calling for change on the basis of these criticisms.

Those making these criticisms suggest that the changes are needed for the sake of feminist goals — either to better allow for feminist work to be done or, more frequently, to bring an end to certain key ways that women are disadvantaged. In this entry, I examine these criticisms. I also examine work by feminists that seems to suggest some of the criticisms are misplaced: that, for example, philosophy of language is better able to help in feminist projects than critics suppose.

My focus in this entry will generally be on the analytic tradition. 1. False gender-neutrality There has been a great deal of feminist concern over the supposedly gender-neutral use of terms like ‘he’ and ‘man’. Feminist Philosophy of Language. First published Fri Sep 3, 2004; substantive revision Tue Jun 15, 2010 Much of feminist philosophy of language so far can be described as critical—critical either of language itself or of philosophy of language, and calling for change on the basis of these criticisms. Those making these criticisms suggest that the changes are needed for the sake of feminist goals — either to better allow for feminist work to be done or, more frequently, to bring an end to certain key ways that women are disadvantaged. In this entry, I examine these criticisms. I also examine work by feminists that seems to suggest some of the criticisms are misplaced: that, for example, philosophy of language is better able to help in feminist projects than critics suppose.

My focus in this entry will generally be on the analytic tradition. 1. False gender-neutrality There has been a great deal of feminist concern over the supposedly gender-neutral use of terms like ‘he’ and ‘man’. Advanced Search. Laboratoire ÉPISTÉMÉ. Gaston Bachelard - L'épistémologie non-cartésienne. Gaston Bachelard L'épistémologie non-cartésienne 1 Un des chimistes contemporains qui a mis en oeuvre les méthodes scientifiques les plus minutieuses et les plus systématiques, M.

Urbain, n'a pas hésité à nier la pérennité des méthodes les meilleures. Pour lui, il n'y a pas de méthode de recherche qui ne finisse par perdre sa fécondité première. Il arrive toujours une heure où l'on n'a plus intérêt à chercher le nouveau sur les traces de l'ancien, où l'esprit scientifique ne peut progresser qu'en créant des méthodes nouvelles.

Cette mobilité des saines méthodes doit être inscrite à la base même de toute psychologie de l'esprit scientifique car l'esprit scientifique est strictement contemporain de la méthode explicitée. Nous en arrivons alors à nous demander si la psychologie de l'esprit scientifique n'est pas purement et simplement une méthodologie consciente. Epistémologie de Karl Popper - Emergence et représentation - Frédéric Fabre. Site du Saut Quantique. Notes. Epistémologie. Cette page présente quelques ressources en philosophie de la connaissance. Son but est de fournir un peu d'orientation dans l'imposante ittérature existante sur le sujet, spécifiquement pour les francophones. Elle n'est pas exhaustive. Cypres' bookmarks on del.icio.us. Bibliographies d'épistémologie. 1. Ouvrages généraux Blanché : L'Épistémologie (P.U.F.). Canguilhem : Etudes d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences (Vrin).

Chalmers J., Qu'est-ce que la science ? Épistémologie et enseignement des sciences. Philosophie et épistémologie.