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Continental Celtic languages. Celtic languages during the Iron Age and classical Antiquity The Continental Celtic languages are the Celtic languages, now extinct, that were spoken on the continent of Europe, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany. The Continental Celtic languages were spoken by the people known to Roman and Greek writers as Keltoi, Celtae, Galli and Galatae. These languages were spoken in an arc stretching across from Iberia in the west to the Balkans and Anatolia in the east.
Continental Celtic is divided into the Hispano-Celtic and Gaulish languages. Even though Breton is spoken in continental Europe, and has been since at least the 6th century AD, it is not considered one of the Continental Celtic languages. Attested Celtic languages[edit] Although it is likely that Celts spoke dozens of different languages and dialects across Europe in pre-Roman times, only five such languages are commonly said to be actually attested: Possible Celtic languages[edit] Lusitanian language. Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a Paleohispanic language that apparently belonged to the Indo-European family. There has been support for some relationship with the ancient Celtic languages of the Iberian Peninsula, either as a member or as a cousin sometimes termed "para-Celtic".[1][2] It is known from only five sizeable inscriptions, dated from circa 1 CE, and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods (theonyms).[4] The language was spoken in the territory inhabited by Lusitanian tribes, from Douro to the Tagus rivers, territory that nowadays belongs mainly to Portugal, but also to Spain.
Classification and related languages[edit] One of the inscriptions of Arroyo de la Luz. Lusitanian is an Indo-European language but it was quite different from the Celtiberian languages of the Iberian Peninsula. Geographical distribution[edit] Geographical distribution of known Lusitanian inscriptions Writing system[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] Further reading[edit] Noric language. The Noric language or Eastern Celtic language was a Continental Celtic language. It is attested in only two fragmentary inscriptions from the Roman province of Noricum (one in Grafenstein, Austria, the other in Ptuj, Slovenia), which do not provide enough information for any conclusions about the nature of the language to be drawn.
However, the language was probably similar to the other Celtic languages near to it, such as Gaulish. Due to the scanty evidence it is unknown when it became extinct. Ptuj inscription[edit] ARTEBUDZBROGDUI (a facsimile of the original inscription, written right to left) The Ptuj inscription, discovered in 1894, is written right to left in a northern Italic alphabet[1] and reads: This is interpreted as two personal names: Artebudz [son] of Brogduos.[2] The name Artebudz may mean "bear penis"[3] (compare Welsh arth "bear" and Irish bod "penis"), while Brogduos may contain the element brog-, mrog- "country"[4] (compare Welsh bro "region, country"). And. Gaulish language. Gaulish is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in parts of France,[1] Germany, Austria, Hungary, and the Swiss Rhine area as late as the Roman period. [2] It is also considered to be epigraphically attested in Belgium and Northern Italy.[3] Gaulish was supplanted by Vulgar Latin and various Germanic languages from around the 5th century AD onwards.
Galatian is the form of Gaulish spoken[4][5] in Asia Minor after 281 BC. Lepontic is considered to be either a dialect of or a language closely related to Gaulish. History[edit] Early Period[edit] It is estimated that during the Bronze Age, Proto-Celtic fragmented into Continental Celtic languages, which include Celtiberian and Gaulish.[6][7] The earliest inscriptions found in Cisalpine Gaul date from the 6th century BC and are in Lepontic, and were written in a form of the Old Italic ("Etruscan") script. Roman Period[edit] The existence of Gaulish is attested in modern German Switzerland in the 5th century AD. Corpus[edit] Galatian language. Vocabulary[edit] Of the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive.
Altogether they add up to about 120 words, including place and personal names. Scattered vocabulary terms mentioned by Greek authors include άδάρκα (adarca), a type of plant, αδες (ades) "feet", βαρδοί (bardī), "singing poets, bards", μάρκα (marca), "horse" and τριμαρκισία (trimarcisia), "three-horse battle group".[2][3] Personal names[edit] The attested Galatian personal names are similar to those found elsewhere in the ancient Celtic-speaking world. Άδιατόριξ (Adiatorīx)Βιτοριξ (Bitorīx)Βρογιμάρος (Brogimāros)Κάμμα (Cāmmā)Δομνείων (Domneiū)Έπόνη (Eponī)Ολοριξ (Olorīx)Σμερτομάρα (Smertomārā)Τεκτομάρος (Tectomāros) Tribal names include Ambitouti (Old Irish imm-, Welsh am "around"; Old Irish tuath, Welsh tut, "tribe"), Ριγόσαγες (Rigosages, "King-Seekers"; cf.
Place names[edit] Survival into Late Antiquity[edit] References[edit] Sources[edit] Celtiberian language. Overview[edit] Celtiberian was a Celtic language that shows the characteristic sound changes that define Celtic languages such as:[3] loss of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspiration, e.g. PIE *bʰr̥ǵʰ- meaning 'high' to Celtic *brig- as in the Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element -brigā.loss of PIE *p, e.g. ro- (Celtiberian, Old Irish and Old Breton) vs.
Latin pro- and Sanskrit pra-.PIE *HR̥C changes to Celtic aRC (where H stands for a laryngeal, R̥ stands for a syllabic resonant, and C for a consonant), e.g. Celtiberian arKa(n)to-, Lepontic arkato-, Old Irish argat, Old Welsh argant meaning "silver, money" vs. Latin argentum, Sanskrit rajata.PIE *ē (and *eh₁) to Celtic *ī, e.g.
Celtiberian exhibits a fully inflected relative pronoun ios (as does, e.g., Ancient Greek), not preserved in other Celtic languages, and the particles kue "and" (cf. Example texts[edit] First Botorrita plaque (A). A.1. tirikantam : berkunetakam : tokoitoskue : sarnikio (:) kue : sua : kombalkez : nelitom. Gallaecian language. The Nicer Clutosi stele inscription. (North)western Hispano-Celtic, or less frequently Gallaecian, is an extinct language of the Celtic family, along with Celtiberian[1][2] one of the Hispano-Celtic group. It was spoken at the beginning of the first millennium CE in the north-western quarter of the Iberian Peninsula, in an area lying between the west and north Atlantic coasts and a line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Mérida.[3][4] Overview[edit] Classical authors such as Pomponius Mela[6] and Pliny the Elder wrote about the existence of Celtic and non-Celtic populations in Gallaecia and Lusitania, but several modern scholars have postulated Lusitanian and Gallaecian as a single archaic Celtic language.
Some of the main characteristic of this language, shared with Celtiberian and the other Celtic languages were (reconstructed forms are Proto-Celtic unless otherwise indicated): Some characteristics of this language not shared by Celtiberian: See also[edit] References[edit] Scottish Flashcards. Speaking Our Language. Gaelic.