Camellia sinensis. Camellia sinensis is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce the popular beverage tea. It is of the genus Camellia (Chinese: 茶花; pinyin: Cháhuā, literally: "tea flower"), a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. White tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea are all harvested from this species, but are processed differently to attain different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from Camellia sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. Common names include tea plant, tea shrub, and tea tree (not to be confused with Melaleuca alternifolia, the source of tea tree oil). There are two major varieties used for tea, Chinese tea, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, and Assam tea, Camellia sinensis var. assamica.[2] Nomenclature and taxonomy[edit] Cultivars[edit] Cultivars of C. sinensis include: Benifuuki[8]Fushun[9]Kanayamidori[8]Meiryoku[9]Saemidori[9]Okumidori[9]Yabukita[9] Description[edit] Cultivation[edit]
Angiosperms. (Unknown) Eudicots. (Unknown) Rosids. Order. Rosales. Family. Cannabaceae. Cannabis. Etymology The word cannabis is from Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) (see Latin cannabis),[4] which was originally Scythian or Thracian.[5] It is related to the Persian kanab, the English canvas and possibly even to the English hemp (Old English hænep).[5] In modern Hebrew, קַנַּבּוֹס qannabōs modern pronunciation: [kanaˈbos] is used but מַעֲלֶה עָשָׁן maʿăleh ʿāšān modern pronunciation: [ma.aˈle aˈʃan] (smoke bringer) is the ancient term. Old Akkadian qunnabtu, Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian qunnabu were used to refer to the plant meaning "a way to produce smoke. "[6][7][8] Description Cannabis is an annual, dioecious, flowering herb.
The leaves have a peculiar and diagnostic venation pattern that enables persons poorly familiar with the plant to distinguish a Cannabis leaf from unrelated species that have confusingly similar leaves (see illustration). Micrograph sativa (left), indica (right) Taxonomy Top of Cannabis plant in vegetative growth stage Early classifications 20th century. Cannabis sativa. Common uses[edit] A sack made from hemp fiber Its seeds are chiefly used to make hempseed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, lacquers, or paints.
They can also used as caged-bird feed, as they provide a moderate source of nutrients for most birds. The flowers (and to a lesser extent the leaves, stems, and seeds) contain psychoactive chemical compounds known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. When so used, preparations of flowers (marijuana) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (e.g.hashish) are consumed by smoking, vaporizing and oral ingestion. Plant physiology[edit] The flowers of the female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. A Cannabis plant in the vegetative growth phase of its life requires more than 12–13 hours of light per day to stay vegetative.
In soil, the optimum pH for the plant is 6.3 to 6.8. Cultivars[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Chemical constituents[edit] References[edit] Hemp. Other variants of the herb Cannabis sativa are widely used as a drug, commonly known as marijuana. These variants are typically low growing and have higher content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The legality of Cannabis varies widely from country to country, and from state to state in the United States. In many countries regulatory limits for concentrations of psychoactive drug compounds, particularly THC, in hemp require the use of strains of the plant which are bred for low content.[1] Uses[edit] Hemp grown for milk animal fodder In modern times hemp is used for industrial purposes including paper, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, construction (as with Hempcrete and insulation), body products, health food and bio-fuel.
Food[edit] Hemp seeds Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into a meal, sprouted, made into hemp milk (akin to soy milk), prepared as tea,[5] and used in baking. Market share[edit] Nutrition[edit] Japanese hemp seed seasoningSwiss hemp beer uses blossoms Storage[edit] Cannabis indica. Cannabis indica is an annual plant in the Cannabaceae family. A putative species of the genus Cannabis, it is typically distinguished from Cannabis sativa.[1][2] Taxonomy[edit] In 1785, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a description of a second species of Cannabis, which he named Cannabis indica. Lamarck based his description of the newly named species on plant specimens collected in India. Cultivation[edit] A recent genetic analysis included both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes" under C. indica, as well as southern and eastern Asian hemp (fiber/seed) landraces and wild Himalayan populations.[11] Broad leaf of a C. indica plantCannabis indica flowering Difference between C. indica and C. sativa[edit] Cannabis indica has a higher ratio of CBD:THC compared to Cannabis sativa.[12] Cannabis strains with relatively high CBD:THC ratios are less likely to induce anxiety than vice versa.
Genome[edit] See also[edit] Cannabis sativa References[edit] External links[edit] Cannabis ruderalis. Cannabis ruderalis is a species of Cannabis originating in central Russia. It flowers earlier than C. indica or C. sativa, does not grow as tall, and can withstand much harsher climates than either of them. Cannabis ruderalis will produce flowers based on its age, rather than light cycle (photoperiod) changes which govern flowering in C. sativa and C. indica varieties.[1] This kind of flowering is also known as "autoflowering".[2] Etymology[edit] The term ruderalis is derived from the Latin rūdera, which is the plural form of rūdus, a Latin word meaning rubble,[3] lump, or rough piece of bronze.[4] A ruderal species refers to any plant that is the first to colonise land after a disturbance removing competition. Origin and range[edit] Cannabis sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis are all species of the genus Cannabis.
They can all inter-breed freely, and many 'pedigree' cultivars are indica/sativa hybrids. Breeding potential[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Ed. External links[edit]
Order. Caryophyllales. Family. Cactaceae. [edit] Familia: Cactaceae Subfamiliae: Cactoideae - Maihuenioideae - Opuntioideae - Pereskioideae Name[edit] Cactaceae Juss. (1789), nom. cons. Type genus: Cactus L., nom. rej. Synonyms[edit] HeterotypicCereaceae Spreng. ex A.P. de Candolle & Sprengel (transl. References[edit] Juss. 1789. Vernacular names[edit] বাংলা: ক্যাক্টাসབོད་ཡིག: ཀླུ་ཥིངčeština: Kaktusovitédansk: Kaktus-familien (Cactaceae)Deutsch: Kakteen, KakteengewächseEnglish: Cactiespañol: Cactáceas, Cactus, Cactosfrançais: Cactées한국어: 선인장과italiano: Cactilatviešu: Kaktusu dzimtaмакедонски: КактусиNederlands: CactussenNordfriisk: Kakteennorsk bokmål: Kaktusfamilienpolski: Kaktusowateрусский: Кактусовыеsuomi: kaktuskasvitsvenska: KaktusväxterTürkçe: Kaktüsgillerукраїнська: Кактусові中文: 仙人掌科.
Cactus. A cactus (plural: cacti, cactuses, or cactus[3]) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae within the order Caryophyllales. The word "cactus" derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek κάκτος (kaktos), a name originally used for a spiny plant whose identity is not certain. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north—except for Rhipsalis baccifera, which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth. Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called "crassulacean acid metabolism" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis.
A few species differ significantly in appearance from most of the family. Morphology Growth habit Stems Areoles.
Cactoideae. Genus. Echinopsis. Species. Trichocereus Pachanoi (San Pendro) Echinopsis pachanoi. Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi) — known as San Pedro cactus — is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the Andes Mountains at 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) in altitude.[1][2] It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru,[3] and it is cultivated in other parts of the world. Uses for it include traditional medicine and traditional veterinary medicine, and it is widely grown as an ornamental cactus. It has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes Mountains region for over 3,000 years.[4] It is sometimes confused with its close relative, Echinopsis peruviana (Peruvian torch cactus).
Nomenclature[edit] Echinopsis pachanoi is known by many names throughout South America such as Achuma, Huachuma, Wachuma, Aguacolla, Hahuacollay, or Giganton. Description[edit] Echinopsis pachanoi is native to Ecuador and Peru. Traditional uses[edit] Hordenine, an alkaloid found in Echinopsis pachanoi Alkaloids[edit] San Pedro cactus sliced up to be brewed. Echinopsis peruviana (Peruvian Torch) Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Peruvian Torch cactus, is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the western slope of the Andes in Peru, between about 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) above sea level. It contains the psychoactive alkaloid mescaline as well as other alkaloids. Description[edit] The plant is bluish-green in colour, with frosted stems, and 6-9 broadly rounded ribs; it has large, white flowers. It can grow up to 3–6 meters tall, with stems up to 8–18 cm in diameter; it is fully erect to begin with, but later possibly arching over, or even becoming prostrate.
Variant[edit] Taxonomy[edit] Subspecies[edit] Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis (Rauh & Backeb.) Varieties[edit] Some varieties, with scientifically invalid names, of Echinopsis peruviana are: var. ancash (KK1688), San Marcos, Ancash, northwest Peru.var. ayacuchensis (KK2151), southwestern Peru.var. cuzcoensis (KK340), Huachac, Cuzco, southeastern Peru.var. KK242 vs. Cultivation[edit] Soil[edit]
Species. Lophophora Wiliamsii (Peyote) Lophophora williamsii /loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ/ is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline.[2] The Spanish common name, also used in English, is peyote[3] (/pəˈjoʊti/; from the Nahuatl word peyōtl [ˈpejoːt͡ɬ]), which means "glisten" or "glistening".[4] [5] Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes for at least 5,500 years.[6] Peyote is native to southwestern Texas and Mexico. It is found primarily in the Chihuahuan desert and in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi among scrub, especially where there is limestone.
Description[edit] Lophophora williamsii with small, red fruit The various species of the genus Lophophora grow low to the ground and they often form groups with numerous, crowded shoots. The blue-green, yellow-green or sometimes reddish green shoots are mostly flattened spheres with sunken shoot tips. Lophophora williamsii seedling at roughly 1 1/2 months of age Uses[edit]
Opuntioideae. Pereskioideae.