Unilineal evolution. Unilineal evolution (also referred to as classical social evolution) is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was composed of many competing theories by various anthropologists and sociologists, who believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. Different social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in academic circles. Intellectual Thought[edit] Theories of social and cultural evolution are common in modern European thought. The Enlightenment thinkers often speculated that societies progressed through stages of increasing development and looked for the logic, order and the set of scientific truths that determined the course of human history. Scottish Thinkers[edit] Philosophical concepts of progress (such as those expounded by the German philosopher G.W.F.
Rising Interests[edit] Progressivism[edit] Comte[edit] Spencer[edit] Fuck. Stoning. Stoning, or lapidation, is a form of capital punishment whereby a group throws stones at a person until death ensues. No individual among the group can be identified as the one who kills the subject, yet everyone involved plainly bears some degree of moral culpability. This is in contrast to the case of a judicial executioner. Slower than other forms of execution, stoning is a form of execution by torture. Stoning remains a legal form of judicial punishment in Iraq, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, Northern Nigeria, Terengganu in Malaysia, Aceh in Indonesia, and Pakistan; although several other countries practice extrajudicial stoning, while several others have sentenced people to death by stoning, but have not carried out the sentences.
In modern times, false allegations of stoning become part of political propaganda, as in case of Iran.[1][2] In history[edit] Stoning is an ancient form of capital punishment. In Judaism[edit] Torah[edit] Mishna[edit] Mode of Judgment[edit] Suicide. The most commonly used method of suicide varies by country and is partly related to availability. Common methods include: hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.
Around 800,000 to a million people die by suicide every year, making it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide.[2][3] Rates are higher in men than in women, with males three to four times more likely to kill themselves than females.[4] There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year.[5] Attempts are more common in young people and females. Suicide and attempted suicide, while previously criminally punishable, is no longer in most Western countries. It remains a criminal offense in many countries. Definitions Risk factors The precipitating circumstances for suicide from 16 American states in 2008.[11] Mental disorders Substance use "The Drunkard's Progress", 1846 demonstrating how alcoholism can lead to poverty, crime, and eventually suicide Problem gambling Medical conditions Psychosocial states.
Aradia (goddess)