concepts
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Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process by which a system in a symmetrical state ends up in an asymmetrical state.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spin (physics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In quantum mechanics and particle physics , spin is a fundamental characteristic property of elementary particles , composite particles ( hadrons ), and atomic nuclei . [ note 1 ]Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears in a system without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning .
Self-organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Magnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field . Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused by ferromagnetism .
Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium. [ 1 ] This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire . It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte , or by both ions and electrons in a plasma . [ 2 ]
Electrical conduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the physical sciences , a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system ), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. [ 1 ] Examples of physical properties include density , index of refraction , and chemical composition.
Phase (matter) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
phase types