Antonio Ojeda
Associated Conditions of PTSD. Persons with PTSD often have other disorders as well, which makes it difficult for clinicians to diagnose the PTSD. In particular, major depression and substance abuse are common in people with PTSD. There may also be an increased risk of panic disorder, agoraphobia , obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia and somatization disorder. Scientists are not sure to what extent these co-occurring disorders are present before or come after the traumatic event and the development of PTSD.
When exposure to trauma has been long-standing (as for badly abused children), persons may develop certain enduring patterns of behavior or traits. Persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also often have physical symptoms. Significant interpersonal difficulties are common in persons with PTSD. APA Reference Cohen, H. (2006). HFG_papachristos. GANG VIOLENCE.
Effects. Effect of PTSD - What Is the Effect of PTSD. The effect of PTSD can be far-reaching. PTSD can be a debilitating disorder, and its symptoms can have a negative impact on a number of different areas in a person's life. In particular, PTSD can negatively effect a person's mental health, physical health, work, and relationships. Some of the difficulties that people with PTSD experience in these areas are discussed in more detail below. Mental Health Problems Study after study has found that people with PTSD are at much greater risk for developing a number of other mental health disorders, including other anxiety disorders , depression , eating disorders , and substance use disorders . For example, it has been found that people with PTSD are about 6 times as likely as someone without PTSD to develop depression and about 5 times as likely to develop another anxiety disorder.
In addition to these mental health problems, people with PTSD are also 6 times as likely as someone without PTSD to attempt suicide . Physical Health Problems Sources: Welcome to the City of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | Philadelphia magazine. Norris Square is both lovely and out of place—a park interrupting trash-strewn streets and dirty concrete with a sudden surprising burst of green. Elegant decaying townhomes surround the square and convey the neighborhood’s history—its prosperous origins and decades spent waiting for rescue. Momentum generated by new construction and an influx of new residents in nearby Northern Liberties and Fishtown suggest that Norris Square, which sits just 3.5 miles from City Hall, might be reborn. And by all the principles of urban development, it should be—the homes restored, the park filled with families slurping ice cream, young couples picnicking, musicians strumming guitars.
But something is wrong. There’s a toxic quality to the surrounding streets, made real by the boys on the corners, bristling and edgy, who serve up dope and other drugs to the customers streaming in from wealthier neighborhoods on the nearby El trains. “I grew up around gangs,” he says. The kids nod glumly.
Causes. Poor access to med. The Relationship Between Crime Rates and Poverty. But not everyone’s quite ready to sever the link between economic conditions and crime. Richard Rosenfeld is a sociologist at the University of Missouri-St. Louis and was one of those experts predicting a recession-driven crime tsunami. He notes that the past two years have come as a total surprise, but wonders if there might be a more subtle explanation at play. Many of the earlier crime-ridden recessions, he points out, have been accompanied by healthy bouts of inflation. When prices are rising fast, the demand for black-market goods goes up, which increases the incentive to steal stuff that you can resell to underground street markets.
The inflation hypothesis is an intriguing twist on an old debate. One economist who has tried to scrutinize the connection is Bruce Weinberg of . Another expert who would take this analysis even further is Marcus Felson of —one of the few criminologists who has been arguing for a long time that, all else equal, crime should go down in a recession. Miguel_rcps. Poverty and Substance Abuse. Defining Poverty People who suffer from inequalities due to economic and social standing are those who are considered to be in poverty. The term technically refers to the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material resources. It is used as a way to identify those who do not have the sufficient resources to live in a standard of living that is considered appropriate in society. Someone who is suffering from poverty may have to live in cramped, inadequate dwellings or could live on the streets. The term poor refers to those who are in a state of poverty or impoverished.
Poverty and Substance Abuse Research suggests that there is a strong association between poverty, social exclusion and problematic drug use. There are many risk factors associated with drug and alcohol abuse. Access to Rehab One of the most significant risk factors for people who suffer the effects of poverty and substance abuse is access to appropriate health services. Quality Issues with Poverty and Substance Abuse. p60-243.
Trajectories of poverty and children's me... [J Health Soc Behav. 1996. Mental illness and poverty: Does one cause the other? It has been a chicken-and-egg question for decades: Does the misery of poverty breed mental illness, or does the burden of mental illness cast people down into poverty? The two clearly tend to go together, but which causes which? This week, a Massachusetts researcher published possibly the broadest study yet on the question, examining tens of thousands of hospital records statewide to see whether patients who were hospitalized for mental illness then ''drifted down" to less affluent ZIP codes.
The study, which followed patients from 1994 through 2000, turned up surprisingly little such downward drift, said the researcher, Christopher G. Hudson, a professor at Salem State College and expert in mental health policy. So, he said, ''the news here is that there is now increasingly strong evidence that socioeconomic status is indeed a very important dimension of mental illness, though obviously not the only dimension. " Carey Goldberg can be reached at goldberg@globe.com . Poverty is urbanising and needs different thinking on development | Lawrence Haddad | Global development. The share of poverty in the developing world that is located in urban areas has jumped from 17% to 28% in the past 10 years. In eastern Asia, nearly half of all poverty is found in urban locations (pdf), while in sub-Saharan Africa the urban share of poverty is 25%. So what? Well, urban poverty challenges the development community in several ways.
For a start, most development professionals have been trained in rural development and rural livelihoods. So how is urban development different? One is that urban areas capture wide extremes of wealth and poverty, which often exist cheek by jowl. Conflict and security in urban areas are also different, with violent civic conflict (pdf) – gangs, organised crime, terror and riots – much more of a problem. Another point of divergence is that, in recently settled urban areas, informal ties and reciprocities are likely to be more fragile. Poor urban dwellers have to deal with high levels of pollutants, toxicity and traffic-related injuries.
Poverty Analysis - The Urbanization of Global Poverty.