Master Muscle List Home Page atomic orbitals A 1s orbital holding 2 electrons would be drawn as shown on the right, but it can be written even more quickly as 1s2. This is read as "one s two" - not as "one s squared". You mustn't confuse the two numbers in this notation: The order of filling orbitals - the Aufbau Principle Aufbau is a German word meaning building up or construction. Electrons fill low energy orbitals (closer to the nucleus) before they fill higher energy ones. This filling of orbitals singly where possible is known as Hund's rule. The diagram (not to scale) summarises the energies of the orbitals up to the 4p level that you will need to know when you are using the Aufbau Principle. Notice that the s orbital always has a slightly lower energy than the p orbitals at the same energy level, so the s orbital always fills with electrons before the corresponding p orbitals. The real oddity is the position of the 3d orbitals. Knowing the order of filling is central to understanding how to write electronic structures.
Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions The discovery of blood groups Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer. Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood groups and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. What is blood made up of? An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins. What are the different blood groups?
Les Clionautes : Histoire-G?o et TICE Brain Atlas - Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, immersed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Weighing about 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms), the brain consists of three main structures: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. Cerebrum - divided into two hemispheres (left and right), each consists of four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal). The outer layer of the brain is known as the cerebral cortex or the ‘grey matter’. It covers the nuclei deep within the cerebral hemisphere e.g. the basal ganglia; the structure called the thalamus, and the ‘white matter’, which consists mostly of myelinated axons. – closely packed neuron cell bodies form the grey matter of the brain. Cerebellum – responsible for psychomotor function, the cerebellum co-ordinates sensory input from the inner ear and the muscles to provide accurate control of position and movement. Basal Ganglia Thalamus and Hypothalamus Ventricles Limbic System Reticular Activating System Neurons Glia
bodies-in-motion - scott-eaton.com 30 second sequences from BiM Not long ago, I had twelve artists from Natural Motion (of Morpheme and Clumsy Ninja fame) into Somerset House, my home away from home, for a four day anatomy workshop. At the end of each day we would take about 20 minutes to draw from the Bodies in Motion library. sketching from BiM We made extensive use of the timer for gesture drawing. It can be set to 10fps, 1fps, 30sec, 1min, 2min, or 5mins, and ticks down to zero before flipping to the next frame of the motion sequence. timelapse of a sequence of 30 second poses
Royal Society The story of the Royal Society is the story of modern science. Our origins lie in a 1660 ‘invisible college’ of natural philosophers and physicians. Today we are the UK’s national science academy and a Fellowship of some 1,600 of the world’s most eminent scientists. Nullius in verba The very first ‘learned society’ meeting on 28 November 1660 followed a lecture at Gresham College by Christopher Wren. Joined by other leading polymaths including Robert Boyle and John Wilkins, the group soon received royal approval, and from 1663 it would be known as 'The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge'. The Royal Society's motto 'Nullius in verba' is taken to mean 'take nobody's word for it'. Advancements and adventure The early years of the Society saw revolutionary advancements in the conduct and communication of science. We published Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica, and Benjamin Franklin’s kite experiment demonstrating the electrical nature of lightning. Independence
Genes to Cognition Online Glutamate by Niels Chr. Danbolt For more references and more information, see: Danbolt, 2001: Prog. Neurobiol. 65, 1-105. Glutamate Outside the community of biomedical scientists, glutamate is probably best known as "monosodium glutamate" or "MSG" which is used as a flavor or taste enhancer in food. It is usually available together with other food additives and spices in most large food stores. Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain The main motivation for the ongoing World Wide research on glutamate is due to the role of glutamate in the signal transduction in the nervous systems of apparently all complex living organisms, including man. Glutamate is toxic, not in spite of its importance, but because of it Glutamate does not only mediate a lot of information, but also information which regulates brain development and information which determines cellular survival, differentiation and elimination as well as formation and elimination of nerve contacts (synapses).
Body proportions While there is significant variation in anatomical proportions between people, there are many references to body proportions that are intended to be canonical, either in art, measurement, or medicine. Similarly, in art, body proportions are the study of relation of human or animal body parts to each other and to the whole. These ratios are used in veristic depictions of the figure, and also become part of an aesthetic canon within a culture. Basics of human proportions[edit] Human proportions marked out in an illustration from a 20th century anatomy text-book. Different proportions in different people. It is important in figure drawing to draw the human figure in proportion. The proportions used in figure drawing are:[citation needed] Western ideal[edit] Leg-to-body ratio[edit] Another study using British and American participants, found "mid-ranging" leg-to-body ratios to be most ideal.[8] Muscle men and thin women[edit] Japanese ideal[edit] Leonardo da Vinci[edit] Additional images[edit]
Khan Academy How Cells Work | HowStuffWorks At a microscopic level, we are all composed of cells. Look at yourself in a mirror -- what you see is about 10 trillion cells divided into about 200 different types. Our muscles are made of muscle cells, our livers of liver cells, and there are even very specialized types of cells that make the enamel for our teeth or the clear lenses in our eyes! If you want to understand how your body works, you need to understand cells. Everything from reproduction to infections to repairing a broken bone happens down at the cellular level. If you want to understand new frontiers like biotechnology and genetic engineering, you need to understand cells as well. Anyone who reads the paper or any of the scientific magazines (Scientific American, Discover, Popular Science) is aware that genes are BIG news these days. BiotechnologyGene splicingHuman genomeGenetic engineeringRecombinant DNAGenetic diseasesGene therapyDNA mutationsDNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling
All Stomach Muscles Anatomy And Abdominal Muscles Exercises Chemical & Engineering News: What's That Stuff? You might ask yourself... What's That Stuff? Ever wondered about what's really in hair coloring, Silly Putty, Cheese Wiz, artificial snow, or self-tanners? Sort: Alphabetically (Text Only) | Most Recent