Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar FRS (pronunciation: i/sriː.ni.vaː.sə raː.maː.nʊ.dʒən/) (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation; it was quickly recognized by Indian mathematicians. When his skills became apparent to the wider mathematical community, centred in Europe at the time, he began a famous partnership with the English mathematician G. H. Early life[edit] Ramanujan's home on Sarangapani Street, Kumbakonam Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 in Erode, Madras Presidency (now Pallipalayam, Erode, Tamil Nadu), at the residence of his maternal grandparents in a Brahmin family.[5] His father, K. Since Ramanujan's father was at work most of the day, his mother took care of him as a child. is an integer and Mr.
Non-Euclidean geometry Behavior of lines with a common perpendicular in each of the three types of geometry In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises when either the metric requirement is relaxed, or the parallel postulate is set aside. In the latter case one obtains hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, the traditional non-Euclidean geometries. Another way to describe the differences between these geometries is to consider two straight lines indefinitely extended in a two-dimensional plane that are both perpendicular to a third line: History[edit] Early history[edit] While Euclidean geometry, named after the Greek mathematician Euclid, includes some of the oldest known mathematics, non-Euclidean geometries were not widely accepted as legitimate until the 19th century. Terminology[edit]
Joseph Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia [1][2][3] (also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia [4]), 25 January 1736 in Turin, Piedmont; died 10 April 1813 in Paris) was an Italian Enlightenment Era mathematician and astronomer. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics. In 1766, on the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Prussia, where he stayed for over twenty years, producing volumes of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences. Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics (Mécanique Analytique, 4. ed., 2 vols. Paris: Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1888–89), written in Berlin and first published in 1788, offered the most comprehensive treatment of classical mechanics since Newton and formed a basis for the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.
Eight per thousand History[edit] The relations between the Italian State and the religious confessions in its territory can be traced back to the Statuto Albertino of 1848, which applied first to the Kingdom of Sardinia and then to the Kingdom of Italy. Its first article declared the "Roman Catholic Apostolic religion" the only state religion and granted legal toleration to all other religious confessions then present.[2] Under the Lateran treaties of 1929, which were incorporated in the 1948 Constitution of the Italian Republic, the State paid a small monthly salary, called the congrua, to Catholic clergymen as compensation for the nationalization of Church properties at the time of the unification of Italy. Current situation[edit] In 2013 there are 12 possibly beneficiaries of the tax: In addition an agreement has been signed with the Jehovah's Witnesses,[14] but it has not yet received parliamentary ratification. Utilisation[edit] Choices expressed by taxpayers[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Leonhard Euler Swiss mathematician, physicist, and engineer Leonhard Euler ( OY-lər;[2] German: [ˈɔʏlɐ] ( Euler was one of the most eminent mathematicians of the 18th century and is held to be one of the greatest in history. He is also widely considered to be the most prolific mathematician of all time. His collected works fill 92 volumes,[5] more than anyone else in the field. A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all Life Early years Leonhard Euler was born on 15 April 1707, in Basel, Switzerland, to Paul III Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite née Brucker, a pastor's daughter. Euler's formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. Saint Petersburg Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. Euler arrived in Saint Petersburg on 17 May 1727.
Keskkonnaabi Posted on 03/06/2008 by erikpuura Missugune oleks maailmakaart, kui igas riigis oleks elanike tihedus samasugune? Riigi suurus kaardil väljendab selle elanike arvu. Selline kohati väljavenitatud ja kohati kokkupigistatud kaart on täiesti olemas, parajalt naljakas, aga ka mõtlemapanev. Mis veel hakkab eriti silma? Kaardi allikas: Cartography: A popular perspective, Nature 439(800) Filed under: Keskkond, Muud huvitavat, Rahvusvaheline Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (/ˈkæntɔr/ KAN-tor; German: [ˈɡeɔʁk ˈfɛʁdinant ˈluːtvɪç ˈfɪlɪp ˈkantɔʁ]; March 3 [O.S. February 19] 1845 – January 6, 1918[1]) was a German mathematician, best known as the inventor of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's method of proof of this theorem implies the existence of an "infinity of infinities". He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was well aware.[2] The harsh criticism has been matched by later accolades. Life[edit] Youth and studies[edit] Cantor, ca. 1870. Teacher and researcher[edit] In 1867, Cantor completed his dissertation, on number theory, at the University of Berlin. ...
List of child prodigies This is a list of notable people who, typically before 15 years old, showed abilities comparable to those of highly skilled adults in specific fields; hence the term child prodigy. Mathematics and science[edit] Mathematics[edit] Born 1600–1699[edit] Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606–1682) was a Spanish scholastic philosopher, ecclesiastic, mathematician, and writer. Born 1700–1799[edit] André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) wrote a treatise on conic sections at the age of 13 and mastered much of known mathematics by the age of 18.Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. Born 1800–1899[edit] William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865), a mathematician, read Hebrew at seven years old, and studied Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Sanskrit and four other continental languages at 12 years old.[3]Évariste Galois (1811–1832), as a bored and rebellious Lycée pupil was introduced to Legendre's book on Geometry. Born 1900–1999[edit]
Augustin-Louis Cauchy Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy (French: [oɡystɛ̃ lwi koʃi]; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician who was an early pioneer of analysis. He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of infinitesimal calculus in a rigorous manner, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra exploited by earlier authors. He defined continuity in terms of infinitesimals, almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and initiated the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy exercised a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings cover the entire range of mathematics and mathematical physics. Biography[edit] Youth and education[edit] Cauchy was the son of Louis François Cauchy (1760–1848) and Marie-Madeleine Desestre. Cauchy married Aloise de Bure in 1818. Cauchy's father (Louis François Cauchy) was a high official in the Parisian Police of the New Régime. Engineering days[edit] In exile[edit]
Mercenary Leonardo da Vinci's Profilo di capitano antico, also known as il Condottiero, 1480. Condottiero meant "leader of mercenaries" in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance A mercenary[1] is a person who takes part in an armed conflict, who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities by the desire for private gain. As a result of the assumption that a mercenary is essentially just in it for the money, the term mercenary usually carries negative connotations. Private military companies are considered mercenary organizations by some. Laws of war[edit] The Protocol Additional GC 1977 (APGC77) provides the most widely accepted international definition of a mercenary, though not endorsed by some countries, including the United States. Art 47. All the criteria (a – f) must be met, according to the Geneva Convention, for a combatant to be described as a mercenary. National laws[edit] Austria[edit] France[edit] Germany[edit] StAG). A U.S.