Time The flow of sand in an hourglass can be used to keep track of elapsed time. It also concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future. Time is a dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future,[1][2][3][4][5][6] and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them.[3][7][8] Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.[3][7][8][9][10][11] Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.[12][13][14] Some simple, relatively uncontroversial definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure"[7][15] and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once".[16][17][18][19] Temporal measurement and history[edit] World time[edit]
Matter Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics.[7] For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Definition Common definition The observation that matter occupies space goes back to antiquity. Quarks
Sociology of space The sociology of space is a sub-discipline of sociology that examines the social and material constitution of spaces. It is concerned with understanding the social practices, institutional forces, and material complexity of how humans and spaces interact. The sociology of space is an inter-disciplinary area of study, drawing on various theoretical traditions including Marxism, postcolonialism, and Science and Technology Studies, and overlaps with various academic disciplines such as geography and architecture. Definition of space[edit] Space is one of most important concepts within the disciplines of social science as it is fundamental to our understanding of geography. In general terms,the Oxford English Dictionary defines space in two ways; 1. However, the human geographers’ interest is in the objects within the space and their relative position, which involves the description, explanation and prediction of the distribution of phenomena. History of the sociology of space[edit] 1. 2. 3.
SPACE Blogs: Here's Everything You Need to Know About the Season 3 Premiere of Orphan Black We’ve been patiently (okay, impatiently) waiting for this: news of the season three premiere of Orphan Black, set to air on Space, CTV, Bravo, and MTV at 9pm ET on April 18. We marked the date and time on our calendars. Some of us may have even set an alarm. (Not naming names or anything.) We’ve poured over the bits of information revealed by the show’s co-creator John Fawcett and we’ve watched "Calling All Clones" and the rest of the teaser clips that have come out over the last few weeks… more than once. What we’ve been wanting though, are some clues as to where the first new episode will go after the Clone Club left us with more than a few questions at the end of season two. Here’s what we’ve learned from the episode one synopsis that was just released: “In the season 3 premiere of Orphan Black, Sarah fights to locate a disappeared Helena, and must repel a lethal investigator from the mysterious shadow corporation Topside, who threatens the Leda sisters’ lives. Wow. Oh, Orphan Black.
Motion (physics) If the position of a body is not changing with respect to a given frame of reference, the body is said to be at rest, motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have constant (time-invariant) position. An object's motion cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force, as described. Momentum is a quantity which is used for measuring motion of an object. An object's momentum is directly related to the object's mass and velocity, and the total momentum of all objects in an isolated system (one not affected by external forces) does not change with time, as described by the law of conservation of momentum. More generally, motion is a concept that applies to objects, bodies, and matter particles, to radiation, radiation fields and radiation particles, and to space, its curvature and space-time. One can also speak of motion of shapes and boundaries. Motion involves a change in position, such as in this perspective of rapidly leaving Yongsan Station.
History Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.[1] History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation")[2] is the study of the past, particularly how it relates to humans.[3][4] It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory. History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them.[5][6] Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present.[5][7][8][9] Etymology Description Historiography
Spatial theory, cultural geography, and the 'spatial turn' I'm currently working on various seminar papers, and the mood among many historians is that we need theory back in history. James Vernon made an impassioned plea for a return to theory in his plenary lecture for the 2011 Social History Society conference. Basically his message was 'what are we afraid of?' A focus on empiricism has meant we have lost sight of the big ideas, and the big frameworks that shape history. The SHS used to have a theory strand for its conference, but we dropped it a few years ago because the number of papers offered was in decline. I too have neglected theory for the past few years. Now historians seem to be taking the 'spatial turn'. So here's a quick cribsheet for the three modes of space, and a hint at where I fit. 1. 2. 3. So what lessons can we learn from spatial theory? Further reading: Don Mitchell, Cultural Geography: a Critical Introduction (Oxford: 2000); Beat Kümin, Political Space in Pre-industrial Europe (Adlershot, 2009)
Length In geometric measurements, length is the longest dimension of an object.[1] In the International System of Quantities, length is any quantity with dimension distance. In other contexts "length" is the measured dimension of an object. For example it is possible to cut a length of a wire which is shorter than wire thickness. Length may be distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which are the distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to the length. Length is a measure of one dimension, whereas area is a measure of two dimensions (length squared) and volume is a measure of three dimensions (length cubed). In most systems of measurement, the unit of length is a fundamental unit, from which other units are defined. History[edit] Measurement has been important ever since humans settled from nomadic lifestyles and started using building materials; occupying land and trading with neighbours. Units[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Information The ASCII codes for the word "Wikipedia" represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding textual computer information In Thermodynamics, information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information. Etymology[edit] The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is derived from the verb informare (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach". The ancient Greek word for form was μορφή (morphe; cf. morph) and also εἶδος (eidos) "kind, idea, shape, set", the latter word was famously used in a technical philosophical sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of Forms). Information theory approach[edit] As sensory input[edit] Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system. As representation and complexity[edit]
untitled Main Source: de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1984, 2002. See de Certeau's "Spatial Stories" in The Practice of Everyday Life Michel de Certeau argues that "space is a practiced place". It refers to the kinds of stories we tell about "where" "Stories thus carry out a labor that constantly transforms places into spaces or spaces into places." (118) Tours and Maps If we are trying to describe where we are, we might give a story which is like a map. A tour is different from a map in that it involves action. Marking Out Boundaries Stories also mark out boundaries. 1. And there are spaces of transgression. 2. Certeau quotes a poem: One time there was a picket fenceWith space to gaze from hence to thence.An architect who saw this sightApproached it suddenly one nightRemoved the spaces from the fenceAnd built of them a residenceThe senate had to interveneThe architect, however, flew What's the point? What counts as a frontier?
Velocity If there is a change in speed, direction, or both, then the object has a changing velocity and is said to be undergoing an acceleration. Constant velocity vs acceleration[edit] To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction. For example, a car moving at a constant 20 kilometres per hour in a circular path has a constant speed, but does not have a constant velocity because its direction changes. Distinction between speed and velocity[edit] Speed describes only how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives both how fast and in what direction the object is moving.[1] If a car is said to travel at 60 km/h, its speed has been specified. Equation of motion[edit] The average velocity during a time interval is described by the formula: The velocity vector v of an object that has positions at time and , can be computed as the derivative of position: Average velocity magnitudes are always smaller than or equal to average speed of a given particle. is: where
Knowledge Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings.[2] Theories of knowledge[edit] In contrast to this approach, Wittgenstein observed, following Moore's paradox, that one can say "He believes it, but it isn't so," but not "He knows it, but it isn't so." [5] He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction. What is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on this account, to know that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind, but to perform a particular task with the statement that the kettle is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way "knowledge" is used in natural languages. Communicating knowledge[edit]
Conference Programme, Abstracts and Papers 2nd Global Conference Monday 16th May – Wednesday 18th May 2011 Warsaw, Poland The programme for the conference is available below. Delegates are listed according to the session in which they appear. Clicking on the Session Title will take you to the abstracts (where available) for that session. Final Conference Programme Monday 16th May 2011 from 12.30 Registration 13.30Welcome and Opening Words Sorcha Ní Fhlainn 14.00Session 1: Love Will Keep Us Together…NOT! “No More America?” Love will Tear Us Apart … Again: The Endurance of the Orpheus and Eurydice Myth in Goth Subculture Kathryn Franklin Postmodern and Gothic Hybridity in Nick Cave’s “And the Ass Saw the Angel” Joanna Babicka 15:30 Tea 16:00Session 2: King and Company Chair: Victoria Amador Anarchy in the USA: Community, Cannibalism, and Chaos in Joe Lansdale and Stephen King Kevin Corstorphine The Supernatural and the Functions of the Gothic in D. du Maurier’s The Birds and Don’t Look Now Nil Korkut-Nayki Tuesday 17th May 2011 09:00
Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Separately it was shown that large spherically symmetrical masses attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers.) This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called induction.[2] It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687. Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of electrical force between two charged bodies. History[edit] Early History[edit] Plagiarism dispute[edit] In this way arose the question as to what, if anything, Newton owed to Hooke. Hooke's work and claims[edit]