Cicero | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3, 106 B.C.E. and was murdered on December 7, 43 B.C.E. His life coincided with the decline and fall of the Roman Republic, and he was an important actor in many of the significant political events of his time, and his writings are now a valuable source of information to us about those events. He was, among other things, an orator, lawyer, politician, and philosopher. While Cicero is currently not considered an exceptional thinker, largely on the (incorrect) grounds that his philosophy is derivative and unoriginal, in previous centuries he was considered one of the great philosophers of the ancient era, and he was widely read well into the 19th century. Table of Contents 1. Cicero's political career was a remarkable one. Instead, Cicero chose a career in the law. The next few years were very turbulent, and in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was murdered by a group of senators on the Ides of March in 44 B.C.E. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
Roman Kingdom The Roman Kingdom (Latin: REGNVM ROMANVM) was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories. Little is certain about the history of the kingdom, as nearly no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it that were written during the Republic and Empire are largely based on legends. However, the history of the Roman Kingdom began with the city's founding, traditionally dated to 753 BC with settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in Central Italy, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic in about 509 BC. Origin[edit] The traditional account of Roman history, which has come down to us through Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, is that in Rome's first centuries it was ruled by a succession of seven kings. Monarchy[edit] Chief Executive[edit] Chief Priest[edit] Chief Legislator[edit] Chief Judge[edit] Early Rome
Aztec Achievements The history of the Aztecs and their tremendous civilization is even today something we all like to read about. Sadly the Aztec achievements are a bit difficult to judge. Why? Aztec Achievements: Chewing Gum Chewing gum - the Aztecs were the first to notice that the sap of the plant or the thick milky liquid of the sapodilla tree could be chewed and quickly hardened into a chewable gum. Aztec Achievements: Compulsory Education Compulsory education-this I found really, really attractive. Aztec Achievements: Popcorn Popcorn - Yes, that’s right! Aztec Achievements: Chocolate Chocolate - An all time favorite! Aztec Achievements: Anti spasmodic medication Anti spasmodic medication - The Aztecs were really advanced with medical surgeries as well and regularly used the passionflower to relax muscles during surgeries to make operation more successful. Aztec Achievements: Mathematics and Calendar Aztecs also independently conceived the idea of zero in their numbering system.
Philosophy: Latin terms with English translations It would is a nearly impossible task to come up with a comprehensive dictionary of Latin terms used in any particular setting. Philosophical Latin is highly technical and individual philosophers often adapted existing terms for their own needs. Still, it is my hope that this wordlist will be useful to someone just starting to read philosophic works in the original Latin. BEATITUDO - beatitude, blessedness, happiness BEATUS - blessed, happy BENEDICTUM - blessed BENEFICIUM - favor, boon BENEVOLENTIA - benevolence, good will, kindness, friendship BONUM - (moral) good, kindness, benefit, prosperity, property, advantage GENERATIO - generation GENUS - genus GENERALISSIMUM - generalissimum, most general genus GLOSSA (GLOSSEMA) - gloss, obsolete or foreign word that requires explanation HABERE - to have, condition, state HABITUDO - condition, aptitude, relation, respect, capacity for something HABITUS - condition, habit, character HAECCEITAS - haecceity, hecceity, “thisness”
Roman Republic The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Pvblica Romana) was the period of the ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 509 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate. A complex constitution gradually developed, centered on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances. Except in times of dire national emergency, public offices were limited to one year, so that, in theory at least, no single individual wielded absolute power over his fellow citizens. During the first two centuries of its existence the Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. The victor in one of these civil wars, Octavian (later known as Augustus), reformed the Republic as a Principate, with himself as Rome's "first citizen" (princeps).
Aztec History - Central America for Kids! Beginning in the 1100s AD, probably because the Medieval Warming Period made it too hard to live where they were, the Mexica people had moved down to what is now Mexico from further north in North America. The Mexica may have been related to the Shoshone and the Ute people who lived among the Rocky Mountains. After some moving around Mexico in the 1200s, by 1325 the Mexica settled down with their capital city at Tenochtitlan. Around this time, the Maya kingdom to their south began to lose power, and the small kingdoms of Mexico began to get stronger. But the Mexica were still less powerful than their neighbors, the Tepanecs. Like other newcomers - the Greeks in Egypt, the Ostrogoths in Europe, the Arabs and then the Turks in West Asia - the Mexica hired themselves out as mercenaries to stronger states like the Tepanecs. The Mexica had kings for about 150 years, and they were all from the same family. After Maxtla killed Chimalpopocaa, a more distant relative became king, Itzcóatl. or
Ancient Roman Philosophy Ancient Roman Philosophy Hall of Philosophers Philosophers Pliny The Elder Plotinus Roman Virtues Education A final level of education was philosophical study. The single most important philosophy in Rome was Stoicism, which originated in Hellenistic Greece. After the death of Zeno of Citium, the Stoic school was headed by Cleanthes and Chrysippus, and its teachings were carried to Rome in 155 by Diogenes of Babylon. Stoic ideas appear in the greatest work of Roman literature, Vergil's Aeneid , and later the philosophy was adopted by Seneca (c. 1-65 A.D.), Lucan (39-65; poet and associate of the Emperor Nero), Epictetus (c. 55-135; see passages from the and the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (born 121, Emperor 161-180; author of the Stoicism is perhaps the most significant philosophical school in the Roman Empire, and much of our contemporary views and popular mythologies about Romans are derived from Stoic principles. Logos is a linguistic term; it refers particularly to the meanings of words.
Alexander the Great Biography Alexander the Great served as king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. Synopsis Conqueror and king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C., in Pella, Macedonia. During his leadership, from 336 to 323 B.C., he united the Greek city-states and led the Corinthian League. Early Life Alexander the Great was born in the Pella region of Macedonia on July 20, 356 B.C., to parents King Philip II of Macedon and Queen Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus. Alexander received his earliest education under the tutelage of Leonidas. In 343 B.C., King Philip II hired the philosopher Aristotle to tutor Alexander at the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza. Alexander completed his education at Meiza in 340 B.C. King of Macedonia In 336, Alexander's sister wed the Molossian king, an uncle who was also called Alexander. Campaigns and Conquests Death Videos Related Videos
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