Bolsheviks revolt in Russia - HISTORY Led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin, leftist revolutionaries launch a nearly bloodless coup d’État against Russia’s ineffectual Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in the Russian capital of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) and within two days had formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in 1870, Lenin was drawn to the revolutionary cause after his brother was executed in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. After the end of his exile, in 1900, Lenin went to Western Europe, where he continued his revolutionary activity. After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Lenin returned to Russia. Lenin opposed World War I, which began in 1914, as an imperialistic conflict and called on proletariat soldiers to turn their guns on the capitalist leaders who sent them down into the murderous trenches.
Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[6] The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922. The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a major organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. History of the split[edit] In the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, held in Brussels and London during August 1903, Lenin and Julius Martov disagreed over the membership rules. Origins of the name[edit] Composition of the party[edit] The average party member was very young.
Bourgeoisie The prototypical bourgeois: Monsieur Jourdain, the protagonist of the play Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670), by Molière, is the best would-be nobleman that money can buy. In Marxist philosophy, the term bourgeoisie denotes the social class who owns the means of production and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, in order to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society.[3] Joseph Schumpeter instead saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks in order to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.[4] Etymology[edit] The 16th-century German banker Jakob Fugger and his principal accountant, M. History[edit] Denotations[edit] The Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie[edit] Nomenclatura[edit] In France and French-speaking countries[edit]
Soviet working class Employment[edit] Productivity[edit] Several Soviets expressed concern over the focus of sharp growth in per capita income over that of labour productivity. A problem was that wages in the Soviet Union could neither be used as a way of disciplining workers or as an incentive system, except in a limited capacity. Soviet workers were not controlled by the stick and carrot (the carrot being increased wages and the stick being unemployment). Women[edit] Suits for men are manufactured at the Bolshevichka garment factory by women A last, major campaign to increase women employment was initiated in the 1960s because of labour shortages across the country. Similar to capitalism, patriarchy and the role of women played an important part in Soviet development. Despite discrimination, several advances were made. Standard of living[edit] Working conditions[edit] Wages[edit] An average Soviet working-class family; this family lived in Kiev Social benefits[edit] References[edit] Notes[edit] Bibliography[edit]
Bourgeoisie Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction COPYRIGHT 2006 Thomson Gale The long existence of the term bourgeoisie in the various European languages and the multiplicity of meanings it took on over time, beginning in the Middle Ages and in different historical and geographic contexts, make a comparative study of this group throughout Europe in the twentieth century particularly problematic. For ease of translation from country to country, we here limit ourselves to a minimalist definition that identifies this group with the upper, nonaristocratic strata of society possessing wealth, income, and/or educational levels that are clearly above average. According to Jürgen Kocka, the bourgeoisie would then represent, depending on the country, from 5 to 15 percent of the population at the beginning of the twentieth century, depending on whether or not we include the petty bourgeoisie and the middle classes. Beller, Steven. Joly, Hervé.
The Proletarian Revolution in Russia From the Archives of Marxism The Proletarian Revolution in Russia By Louis Fraina To mark the anniversary of the 1917 October Revolution, we print below excerpts from Louis Fraina’s introduction to The Proletarian Revolution in Russia (1918). The book mainly consists of articles by Bolshevik leaders V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky that were written, as Fraina noted, “during the actual course of the Revolution,” from the overthrow of the tsar in February to the workers’ seizure of power and the birth of the Soviet state. In 1919, Fraina and other members of a left-wing faction in the Socialist Party who were expelled for advocating Bolshevism went on to found the Communist Party of America that September. The persistence of Czarism in Russia after its historical necessity had ceased, its clinging to power after Capitalism had come into being, produced a dual political and social development.
The driving forces of the Russian Revolution | International Socialist Review The soldiers’ revolution No revolution resembles those that preceded it. Each has a particular identity. This is why we ask every time a revolution breaks out: is it indeed one? We evaluate it with reference to old schemas and we shake our heads with amazement as regards its “abnormalities.” Equally the revolution, which reared its head on February 23, 1917, has now to be evaluated in a critical fashion. Even if the underlying reasons for the collapse of the 1905 revolution were diverse, the main reason is the fact that the bourgeoisie passed over to the side of Tsarism; it also resulted from the help that foreign capital provided to the bourgeoisie. The soldiers’ uprising followed on from the workers’ revolution; but between the two and a so-called military revolution there was no similarity. It was not by a command from on high, but by the spark that spread from the street into the barracks that the army was set in motion. The imperialist revolutionaries The role of the working class
Dictatorship Of The Proletariat Encyclopedia of Russian History COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. The concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat originated with Karl Marx and was applied by Vladimir Lenin as the organizational principle of the communist state after the Russian Revolution. Josef Stalin subsequently adopted it to organize workers' states in Eastern Europe following the Soviet takeover after 1945. In China, Mao Zedong claimed that the communist revolution of 1949 was the first step to establishing a proletarian dictatorship, even though the peasantry had been largely responsible for the revolution's success. In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Marx gave the reasoning for establishing absolute authority in the name of the working class: "The first step on the path to the workers' revolution is the elevation of the proletariat to the position of ruling class. See also: communism; lenin, vladimir ilich; marxism; stalin, josef vissarionovich Balibar, Etienne. (1977). Draper, Hal. (1987). Ray Taras
Aristocrats and Bourgeois Aristocrats and Bourgeois The eighteenth century was an aristocratic century, particularly in England. In all areas of western Europe, the aristocratic class gained economic and social stature. In England they even achieved political supremacy. Aristocrats were not the only class to benefit from economic and social transformations in eighteenth century. The portrait of Mr. and Mrs. The political victory of the English aristocracy came with their successful overthrow of King James II, and his replacement by William and Mary. In England, and even in those countries where aristocrats did not triumph over monarchs, the aristocracy gained social and political influence by virtue of its growing prosperity. The bourgeoisie expanded significantly in western Europe as trade to the east Indies and the Americas boomed. Which would prevail, the values that these classes had in common, or those which divided them? The eighteenth century was in several respects the age of aristocracy.