Connaître la loi dans l’Éducation nationale Avant d'aller plus loin, testez vos connaissances... Lisez attentivement chacune des questions suivantes, puis essayez d'y répondre par oui ou par non. Question 1 Les fonctionnaires de l'Éducation nationale sont-ils tenus à l'obligation de réserve ? Question 2: Les fonctionnaires de l'Éducation nationale sont-ils tenus au secret professionnel ? Question 3 Un fonctionnaire de l’Éducation nationale qui, hors de son cadre professionnel, prend connaissance d’un fait de mauvais traitements infligés à un enfant est-il tenu de le signaler ? Question 4 En rentrant chez moi, j’apprends par hasard que mon voisin de palier s’apprête à commettre un crime. Question 5 Question 6 Un fonctionnaire qui, dans le cadre de ses missions, prend connaissance d’un crime ou d’un délit peut-il invoquer le secret professionnel pour ne pas signaler les faits ? Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10
Jevons paradox The Jevons paradox has been used to argue that energy conservation may be futile, as increased efficiency may increase fuel use. Nevertheless, increased efficiency can improve material living standards. Further, fuel use declines if increased efficiency is coupled with a green tax or other conservation policies that keep the cost of use the same (or higher).[3] As the Jevons paradox applies only to technological improvements that increase fuel efficiency, policies that impose conservation standards and increase costs do not display the paradox. History[edit] The Jevons paradox was first described by the English economist William Stanley Jevons in his 1865 book The Coal Question. At that time many in Britain worried that coal reserves were rapidly dwindling, but some experts opined that improving technology would reduce coal consumption. Cause[edit] Elastic Demand for Work: A doubling of fuel efficiency more than doubles work demanded, increasing the amount of fuel used. See also[edit]
Innovation economics Innovation economics is a growing economic doctrine that reformulates conventional economics theory so that knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship, and innovation are positioned at the center of the model rather than seen as independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy. Innovation economics is based on two fundamental tenets: that the central goal of economic policy should be to spur higher productivity through greater innovation, and that markets relying on input resources and price signals alone will not always be as effective in spurring higher productivity, and thereby economic growth. This is in contrast to the two other conventional economic doctrines, neoclassical economics and Keynesian economics. Historical origins[edit] If Adam Smith is the patron saint of classical economics and Keynes of Keynesian economics, it is Joseph Schumpeter who is the patron saint of innovation economics, especially with his classic 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
enseignants: devoir de réserve ? Les fonctionnaires de l'Éducation nationale sont-ils tenus à l'obligation de réserve ? L'obligation de réserve a été supprimée par la loi du 13 juillet 1983. Elle ne s'applique plus que pour les magistrats (auxquels s'adresse toujours l'article 10 de l'ordonnance n°58-1270 du 22 décembre 1958) ou certains fonctionnaires à l'occasion de circonstances exceptionnelles (le contexte diplomatique par exemple) qui ne concernent pas l'exercice ordinaire des agents de l'Éducation nationale. La loi du 13 juillet 1983 leur reconnaît une totale liberté d'opinion (Art. 6), l'activité politique (Art. 7) et syndicale (Art. 8) et le droit de grève (Art. 10) que certains ministres autoritaires voudraient bien voir disparaître. tribune libre du journal Le Monde daté du 31 janvier 2008. Anicet Lepors, qui était à cette époque ministre de la Fonction Publique, donne son analyse de l'obligation de réserve dans une Loi n° 78-753 du 17 juillet 1978 consultables par tout le monde).
Pareto principle The Pareto Principle asserts that only a "vital few" peapods produce the majority of peas. The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity)[1][2] states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.[3] Management consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who noted the 80/20 connection while at the University of Lausanne in 1896, as published in his first work, Cours d'économie politique. Essentially, Pareto showed that approximately 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. It is an axiom of business management that "80% of sales come from 20% of clients".[4] Richard Koch authored the book, The 80/20 Principle, which illustrated some practical applications of the Pareto principle in business management and life.[5] The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency. In economics[edit]
New Keynesian economics New Keynesian economics is a school of contemporary macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics. It developed partly as a response to criticisms of Keynesian macroeconomics by adherents of New Classical macroeconomics. Origins[edit] Significant early contributions to New Keynesian theory were compiled in 1991 by editors N. Gregory Mankiw and David Romer in New Keynesian Economics, volumes 1 and 2.[2] The papers in these volumes focused mostly on microfoundations, that is, microeconomic ingredients that could produce Keynesian macroeconomic effects, and did not yet attempt to construct complete macroeconomic models. Microfoundations of price stickiness[edit] As Mankiw describes, a firm that lowers its prices because of a decrease in the money supply will be raising the real income of the customers of that product. Other sources of price stickiness include: Other microeconomic ingredients[edit] New Keynesian DSGE models[edit] See also[edit]
Certifiés : notation pédagogique La notation pédagogique fait partie, avec la notation administrative, de la double évaluation annuelle de l’enseignant certifié qui prend en compte et reconnaît la spécificité de notre métier. (Article 30 du décret n°72-581 du 4 juillet 1972 relatif au statut particulier des professeurs certifiés.) La note pédagogique (sur 60) est attribuée après une visite d’inspection effectuée, dans la plupart des cas, par un IPR. La note est communiquée par arrêté au plus tard dans l’année scolaire qui suit celle de l’inspection. Cette note pédagogique ne peut être contestée mais il est possible d’adresser toute remarque à son sujet à l’inspecteur qui a effectué la visite ainsi qu’au doyen de l’inspection générale de sa discipline. On peut agir de même au sujet du rapport d’inspection rédigé à la suite de cette même visite. Le corps des professeurs certifiés étant un corps à gestion déconcentrée depuis 1989, les procédures de notation et d’avancement d’échelon sont elles-mêmes déconcentrées.
Power law An example power-law graph, being used to demonstrate ranking of popularity. To the right is the long tail, and to the left are the few that dominate (also known as the 80–20 rule). In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another. For instance, considering the area of a square in terms of the length of its side, if the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by a factor of four.[1] Empirical examples of power laws[edit] Properties of power laws[edit] Scale invariance[edit] One attribute of power laws is their scale invariance. , scaling the argument by a constant factor causes only a proportionate scaling of the function itself. That is, scaling by a constant simply multiplies the original power-law relation by the constant . and A power-law only if Universality[edit]
Preferential attachment Definition[edit] A preferential attachment process is a stochastic urn process, meaning a process in which discrete units of wealth, usually called "balls", are added in a random or partly random fashion to a set of objects or containers, usually called "urns". A preferential attachment process is an urn process in which additional balls are added continuously to the system and are distributed among the urns as an increasing function of the number of balls the urns already have. A classic example of a preferential attachment process is the growth in the number of species per genus in some higher taxon of biotic organisms.[1] New genera ("urns") are added to a taxon whenever a newly appearing species is considered sufficiently different from its predecessors that it does not belong in any of the current genera. for k ≥ k0 (and zero otherwise), where B(x, y) is the Euler beta function: with Γ(x) being the standard gamma function, and History[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]