howtoresearch.pdf Research Basics: A Guide Libraries Alert! Aug 19, 2014, 01:21 PM EDT Click here for more information. Skip to content Penn State University Libraries - Research Basics: A Guide About Research Community Ask | Renew Books Welcome! Penn State University Libraries (change library) University Libraries Home > Research Guides Research Basics: A Guide Skip Contact Info and Research Tips Contact Loanne Snavely Title: Head Library Learning Services Finding a Topic Finding Sources Books Articles Getting Help Citing Sources Cite your sources (and avoid plagiarism) Getting Help | Finding a Topic | Back to Guide Start
Download | Open Logic Project Ok, you’re intrigued but are wondering how to actually get all this material? We regularly compile the files in the repository into PDFs. This includes PDFs of every section, chapter, and part; everything in one complete PDF; as well as textbooks that use selections of the material. To download these PDFs, go to builds.openlogicproject.org For advanced users who want to compile their own PDFs, we provide the source code as well. To download the source code, you should go to the GitHub repository page. This lets you download the entire repository as a ZIP file. To compile the source code into a PDF yourself, you need LaTeX. All content, except where otherwise noted, is provided under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license, which means you are free to download, print, reuse, modify, and distribute it without further permission as long as you adhere to the terms of the CC-BY license. If you use the material in a class, please fill out the Adoptions Form!
Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding - Public Knowledge About S&T Importance of Scientific Literacy Understanding Scientific Terms and Concepts Understanding the Scientific Process Technological Literacy Belief in Pseudoscience Surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts, nor do they have an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, belief in pseudoscience (an indicator of scientific illiteracy) seems to be widespread among Americans and Europeans. Studies also suggest that not many Americans are technologically literate. Importance of Scientific Literacy Scientific literacy in the United States (and in other countries) is fairly low. It is important to have some knowledge of basic scientific facts, concepts, and vocabulary. As noted earlier in this chapter, the science community has expressed concern that the public's lack of knowledge about science may have far-reaching consequences. Understanding Scientific Terms and Concepts
‘We experiment on human beings!’ OkCupid unapologetic about experiments on users — RT America ‘I did it for your own good’ is not what you want to hear when the dating site you use sets you up on a bad date. On purpose. ‘Everybody does it’ is similarly disconcerting. But that’s exactly what OkCupid is saying about experiments involving its users. The free dating and social networking website announced, “We experiment on human beings!” “OkCupid doesn’t really know what it’s doing. Rudder pointed to the recent uproar when researchers let slip that Facebook conducted a psychological experiment on 689,003 randomly selected English-speaking users by manipulating their emotions without their knowledge. “But guess what, everybody: if you use the Internet, you’re the subject of hundreds of experiments at any given time, on every site. The free love-matching site features member-created quizzes and multiple-choice questions, and supports multiple modes of communication, like instant messages and emails. Users are also able to rate each other. His conclusion from Love is Blind Day?
The Increasing Problem With the Misinformed (by @baekdal) #analysis When discussing the future of newspapers, we have a tendency to focus only on the publishing side. We talk about the changes in formats, the new reader behaviors, the platforms, the devices, and the strange new world of distributed digital distribution, which are not just forcing us to do things in new ways, but also atomizes the very core of the newspaper. But while the publishing side of things is undergoing tremendous changes, so is the journalistic and editorial side. The old concept of creating a package of news was designed for a public that we assumed was uninformed by default, but this is no longer the case. The public is no longer uninformed. So, in this article, we will talk about the rise of the misinformed using some really interesting data, as well as the threat to freedom of the press. Things are hard If we look at the trends, we see that the newspaper is the form of media that is struggling the most. Arguably, news is incredibly important, but it's also a very hard sell.
furud: Mu-ming Poo's Letter to his students in 2002 Written on 오전 11:22 by furud 직접보니 느낌이 더 팍 오는데^^; Mu-ming Poo is head of the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. To all lab members: Over the past several months, it has become clear to me that if there is no drastic change in the lab, Poo lab will soon cease to be a productive, first-rate lab that you chose to join in the first place. Thus I am imposing strict rules in the lab from now on: 1. 2. 3. On the whole, I understand and accept the fact that you may not fulfill the above requirements all the time, due to health reasons, occasional personal business. If you do accept the conditions I describe above, I am happy to continue to provide my best support to your work, hopefully more than I have done in the past.
Supervised learning: predicting an output variable from high-dimensional observations — scikit-learn 0.18.1 documentation Nearest neighbor and the curse of dimensionality k-Nearest neighbors classifier The simplest possible classifier is the nearest neighbor: given a new observation X_test, find in the training set (i.e. the data used to train the estimator) the observation with the closest feature vector. KNN (k nearest neighbors) classification example: >>> # Split iris data in train and test data>>> # A random permutation, to split the data randomly>>> np.random.seed(0)>>> indices = np.random.permutation(len(iris_X))>>> iris_X_train = iris_X[indices[:-10]]>>> iris_y_train = iris_y[indices[:-10]]>>> iris_X_test = iris_X[indices[-10:]]>>> iris_y_test = iris_y[indices[-10:]]>>> # Create and fit a nearest-neighbor classifier>>> from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier>>> knn = KNeighborsClassifier()>>> knn.fit(iris_X_train, iris_y_train)KNeighborsClassifier()>>> knn.predict(iris_X_test)array([1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0])>>> iris_y_testarray([1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0]) Linear regression Shrinkage
Rationing in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Government-controlled distribution of scarce goods in the United Kingdom Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century, during and immediately after a war.[1][2] At the start of the Second World War in 1939, the United Kingdom was importing 20 million long tons of food per year, including about 70% of its cheese and sugar, almost 80% of fruit and about 70% of cereals and fats. The UK also imported more than half of its meat and relied on imported feed to support its domestic meat production. The civilian population of the country was about 50 million.[3] It was one of the principal strategies of the Germans in the Battle of the Atlantic to attack shipping bound for Britain, restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission. First World War 1914–1918 In January 1917, Germany started unrestricted submarine warfare to try to starve Britain into submission. General strike of 1926 Second World War 1939–1945 Game
The Two Types of Knowledge: The Max Plank/Chauffeur Test Charlie Munger, the billionaire business partner of Warren Buffett, frequently tells the story below to illustrate how to distinguish between the two types of knowledge: real knowledge and pretend knowledge. At the 2007 Commencement to the USC Law School, Munger explained it this way: I frequently tell the apocryphal story about how Max Planck, after he won the Nobel Prize, went around Germany giving the same standard lecture on the new quantum mechanics.Over time, his chauffeur memorized the lecture and said, “Would you mind, Professor Planck, because it’s so boring to stay in our routine. [What if] I gave the lecture in Munich and you just sat in front wearing my chauffeur’s hat?” Planck said, “Why not?” The point of the story is not the quick-wittedness of the protagonist, but rather — to echo Richard Feynman — it’s about making a distinction between knowing the name of something and knowing something. The first type of knowledge is real. Munger continues: “Any fool can know.
My IRB Nightmare September 2014 There’s a screening test for bipolar disorder. You ask patients a bunch of things like “Do you ever feel really happy, then really sad?”. Some psychiatrists love this test. There was a study that supposedly proved this test worked. So I complained to some sympathetic doctors and professors, and they asked “Why not do a study?” Why not do a study? For (it would turn out) a whole host of excellent reasons that I was about to learn. A spring in my step, I journeyed to my hospital’s Research Department, hidden in a corner office just outside the orthopaedic ward. “I want to do a study,” I said. She looked skeptical. I had to admit I hadn’t, so off I went. I went back to the corner office, Study Investigator Certification in hand. The lady still looked skeptical. Mere resident doctors weren’t allowed to do studies on their own. Finally, there was only one doctor left – Dr. “Sure Scott,” he told me. A feeling of dread in my stomach, I walked back to the tiny corner office. Wrong.