Cognition

Collective intelligence Types of collective intelligence Collective intelligence is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria[1] and animals.[2] Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. History[edit] Dimensions[edit] Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior—collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies.

Attention Focused attention Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources.[1] Attention also has variations amongst cultures.[2] The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted perennial philosophical exploration. Background and contemporary research[edit] Prior to the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline, attention was studied in the field of philosophy. Anne Treisman developed the highly influential feature integration theory.[4] According to this model, attention binds different features of an object (e.g., color and shape) into consciously experienced wholes. Selective attention[edit] Visual attention[edit] In cognitive psychology there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. Auditory Attention[edit] Multitasking and divided attention[edit]

Category:Neuroscience Philosophy portal Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. Neurology, which literally means neuroscience, is a branch of medicine primarily interested in, but by no means restricted to studying pathology. Neurobiology is another synonym that exists in few languages, but is generally identical when it is not meant as a subcategory. Category:Cognitive neuroscience From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological mechanisms underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes and their behavioral manifestations. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the neural circuitry. Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. Pages in category "Cognitive neuroscience" The following 110 pages are in this category, out of 110 total.

Cogito, ergo sum Philosophical statement made by René Descartes The Latin cogito, ergo sum, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am",[a] is the "first principle" of René Descartes's philosophy. He originally published it in French as je pense, donc je suis in his 1637 Discourse on the Method, so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed.[1] It later appeared in Latin in his Principles of Philosophy, and a similar phrase also featured prominently in his Meditations on First Philosophy. The dictum is also sometimes referred to as the cogito.[2] As Descartes explained in a margin note, "we cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt." Descartes's statement became a fundamental element of Western philosophy, as it purported to provide a certain foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt. One critique of the dictum, first suggested by Pierre Gassendi, is that it presupposes that there is an "I" which must be doing the thinking. In Descartes's writings [edit]

Ambidexterity Ability to do any task equally well with either hand and/or foot Ambidexterity is the ability to use both the right and left hand equally well.[1][2] When referring to objects, the term indicates that the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people. When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked preference for the use of the right or left hand. Only about one percent of people are naturally ambidextrous, which equates to about 70,000,000 people in the world. [3] In modern times, it is common to find some people considered ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be ambidextrous, either deliberately or as a result of training in schools or in jobs where right-handed habits are often emphasized or required. Etymology[edit] The word "ambidextrous" is derived from the Latin roots ambi-, meaning "both", and dexter, meaning "right" or "favorable". Writing[edit] Some people can write with both hands. Sports[edit] Baseball[edit] St.

Category:Animal cognition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Animals portal Animal cognition is the title given to a modern approach to the mental capacities of non-human animals. Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. Pages in category "Animal cognition" The following 37 pages are in this category, out of 37 total. Category:Ethology Concept Mental representation or an abstract object A concept is defined as an abstract idea. It is understood to be a fundamental building block underlying principles, thoughts and beliefs.[1] Concepts play an important role in all aspects of cognition.[2][3] As such, concepts are studied within such disciplines as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logical and psychological structure of concepts, and how they are put together to form thoughts and sentences. In contemporary philosophy, three understandings of a concept prevail:[5] mental representations, such that a concept is an entity that exists in the mind (a mental object)abilities peculiar to cognitive agents (mental states)Fregean senses, abstract objects rather than a mental object or a mental state Concepts are classified into a hierarchy, higher levels of which are termed "superordinate" and lower levels termed "subordinate". Ontology of concepts[edit] Concepts as abstract objects[edit]

Adaptive memory An Africangrasslands scene, similar to the environment experienced by the evolutionary ancestors of modern humans. History of adaptive memory research[edit] A recent development in the field of evolutionary psychology, adaptive memory was first proposed in 2007 by James S. Nairne, Sarah R. Studying survival-based processing[edit] Methodology[edit] The methodology for testing adaptive memory and the survival advantage in human participants has thus far mostly consisted of ranking lists of words by their relevance to a survival setting (and along control dimensions as well), followed by a recall session.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The basic research methodology involves having participants rate a series of words by their fitness relevance. Findings[edit] General findings[edit] True and false memory[edit] The survival processing advantage has been shown to increase both true and false memory in adults and children. Planning future acts[edit] [edit] Neurobiological basis[edit] Congruity effect[edit]

Category:Cognitive biases From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life. Some cognitive biases are presumably adaptive. Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "Cognitive biases" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 248 total. (previous page) (next page)(previous page) (next page)

Creativity Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed, such as an idea, a scientific theory, an invention, a literary work, a painting, a musical composition, a joke, etc. Scholarly interest in creativity involves many definitions and concepts pertaining to a number of disciplines: psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, songwriting, and economics, covering the relations between creativity and general intelligence, mental and neurological processes, personality type and creative ability, creativity and mental health; the potential for fostering creativity through education and training, especially as augmented by technology; and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. Definition[edit] Aspects[edit] Etymology[edit] History of the concept[edit] Ancient views[edit] The Enlightenment and after[edit] J. J.

A priori and a posteriori Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon, a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics (a priori) is about deductive logic, which comes from definitions and first principles. Both terms appear in Euclid's Elements and were popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, an influential work in the history of philosophy. Consider the proposition: "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." Aprioricity, analyticity and necessity [edit] Relation to the analytic–synthetic distinction Several philosophers, in reaction to Immanuel Kant, sought to explain a priori knowledge without appealing to what Paul Boghossian describes as "a special faculty [intuition] ... that has never been described in satisfactory terms Analytic propositions are considered true by virtue of their meaning alone, while a posteriori propositions by virtue of their meaning and of certain facts about the world. G.