Sowa: Semantic Networks John F. Sowa This is an updated version of an article in the Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Stuart C. Shapiro, Wiley, 1987, second edition, 1992. Most of the text from 1992 is unchanged, but more references and updates have been added. A semantic network or net is a graph structure for representing knowledge in patterns of interconnected nodes and arcs. What is common to all semantic networks is a declarative graphic representation that can be used to represent knowledge and support automated systems for reasoning about the knowledge. Definitional networks emphasize the subtype or is-a relation between a concept type and a newly defined subtype. Network notations and linear notations are capable of expressing equivalent information. 1. The oldest known semantic network was drawn in the 3rd century AD by the Greek philosopher Porphyry in his commentary on Aristotle’s categories. Figure 1. Figure 2. Every truck is a vehicle. Figure 3. 2. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6.
Handbook on Knowledge Management ... Concept Mapping Homepage This www page has been consolidated in respect to Jan Lanzing. The page is kept just like Jan left it behind right before he passed away on March 3, 1997. Many links have become obsolete since then. What is Concept Mapping ? Concept mapping is a technique for representing knowledge in graphs. Concepts and sometimes links are labeled. Concept mapping can be done for for several purposes: to generate ideas (brain storming, etc.); to design a complex structure (long texts, hypermedia, large web sites, etc.); to communicate complex ideas; to aid learning by explicitly integrating new and old knowledge; to assess understanding or diagnose misunderstanding. The concept mapping technique was developed by Prof. Mind Mapping® is a popular related technique, invented (and copyrighted) by Tony Buzan in the UK. The difference between concept maps and mind maps is that a mind map has only one main concept, while a concept map may have several. An example Concept Map Here is an example of a concept map.
Understanding Semantic Web Technologies As the amount of information in enterprise databases and online data stores expands exponentially each year, enterprises face the very real problem of sifting through it all and sharing it among disparate systems and end users. Enter semantic web search technology. The problem is that as the amount of information and number of systems increases, the more ineffective traditional index search methods become. A cadre of technologists sees hope in the form of semantic technology, a non-proprietary way of categorizing and connecting data with contextual information to make it easier to organize and search. “Semantic technologies are early in their maturity and market adoption,” Gartner analysts wrote in a report. Though some executives are scratching their heads over what semantic technology is exactly, Gartner believes it has the potential to help mainstream enterprises with the growing information management problem. The Need for Something Different
WikIT Buzan Online has responded to criticism of a lack of academic studies showing the efficacy of mindmapping with a list of references on this page. None of the papers are linked to there, it's just a plain text list (Why Mr. Buzan? If you claim "The Proof is Here!" But before we look at that list, we need to consider "efficacy of mindmapping" for what? Comments are being added here from time to time, as the papers are read and the conclusions reached extracted. Al-Jarf, R. (2009), Enhancing Freshman students’ Writing Skills with a Mind Mapping software. The author describes a study where students were divided into two groups, one using mind maps (made with FreeMind and by hand) and one without. Boyson, G. (2009), The Use of Mind Mapping in Teaching and Learning. Cain, M. D’Antoni, A. Farrand, P., Hussain, F. and Hennessy E. (2002), The efficacy of the ‘mind map’ study technique. Goodnough, K. and Long, R. (2002), Mind Mapping: A Graphic Organizer for the Pedagogical Toolbox. Mento, A.
Mental mapping In psychology, the term names the information maintained in the mind of an organism by means of which it may plan activities, select routes over previously traveled territories, etc. The rapid traversal of a familiar maze depends on this kind of mental map if scents or other markers laid down by the subject are eliminated before the maze is re-run. Background[edit] Mental maps are an outcome of the field of behavioral geography. The imagined maps are considered one of the first studies that intersected geographical settings with human action.[3] The most prominent contribution and study of mental maps was in the writings of Kevin Lynch. Research Applications[edit] Mental Maps have been used in a collection of spatial research. Mental maps have also been used to describe the urban experience of children. Peter Gould and Rodney White have performed prominent analyses in the book “Mental Maps.” In an experiment done by Edward C. References[edit]
50 Awesome Semantic Apps for Educators The semantic web has been touted as the next great frontier on the Internet. Teaching computers to understand how the human brain categorizes and thinks is at the heart of this concept and promises to open the doors to easier and more efficient access to information on the Internet. For educators, this means that information available to students is of a higher caliber than what is sometimes available with traditional web applications. Web Browsing Browsing the web can be difficult at times when you get bogged down in junk websites or dead links. BlueOrganizer. General Web Searching and Research Whether you are looking for resources for the classroom or your students are working on a project, these sources of information will make your searches more relevant and much quicker. Hakia. Specialized Research Citeline. Blogging Yahoo! Collaborating and Connecting with Others Text2Mindmap. The Fun Stuff After all that hard work, everyone deserves a little reward. gwap.
What's Next After Web 2.0 - ReadWriteWeb As the world financial crisis has gotten gradually worse over the past few weeks, I’ve been pondering what this means for the web. ReadWriteWeb as a publication focuses on technology – web products and trends – rather than business and VC happenings. So with the exception of one of our feature writers Bernard Lunn, who has written a number of great posts on how entrepreneurs can survive this period, we’ve generally kept out of the Credit Crisis discussion thus far. But we’re clearly now at a point where the financial problems of the world will have a big impact on where web technology is headed. Indeed, it looks like we’ve arrived at one of those giant inflexion points – where one web era is usurped by another. Editor’s note: Looking back over 2008, there were some posts on ReadWriteWeb that did not get the attention we felt they deserved – whether because of timing, competing news stories, etc. Of course this last happened when Web 2.0 was coined by O’Reilly Media in about 2004.
Brain Scanner Records Dreams on Video Just a few weeks ago, we posted about how brain patterns can reveal almost exactly what you're thinking. Now, researchers at UC Berkeley have figured out how to extract what you're picturing inside your head, and they can play it back on video. The way this works is very similar to the mind-reading technique that we covered earlier this month. A functional MRI (fMRI) machine watches the patterns that appear in people's brains as they watch a movie, and then correlates those patterns with the image on the screen. With these data, a complex computer model was created to predict the relationships between a given brain pattern and a given image, and a huge database was created that matched 18,000,000 seconds worth of random YouTube videos to possible brain patterns. Comparing the brain-scan video to the original video is just a way to prove that the system works, but there's nothing stopping this technique from being used to suck video out of people's heads directly.
Mentale kaart Het concept van een mentale kaart (Engels: mental map), geeft aan hoe de persoonlijke perceptie van een persoon is van zijn geografische omgeving, de manier waarop hij zijn ruimtelijke omgeving structureert. Het is geen geografische kaart, maar een representatie van het cognitieve beeld dat een individu in zijn gedachten heeft. Hoewel dit onderwerp meer op zijn plaats lijkt bij de sociale wetenschappen, wordt dit onderwerp meestal bestudeerd door geografen om te bepalen hoe het publiek subjectief plaatsen waarneemt. Het proces van mental mapping is afhankelijk van perceptie en cognitie. De geografische werkelijkheid komt hierbij niet overeen met de mentale kaart. De mentale kaart bevindt zich in principe inwendig, maar deze kan tot uitdrukking komen in mondelinge verslagen, tekeningen en oordelen. Massamedia hebben ook een effect op de mentale kaart van een persoon. Zie ook[bewerken] Stanley Milgram Externe link[bewerken] cognitive models of geographical space
Semantic Web, Can it Happen? Not if but when What is the Semantic Web? It’s the Internet in it’s current information pipeline form but with the addition of machine understandable language describing web based objects (pictures, text, audio/video). The term semantic describes the essential meaning of words and in the case of text on the Internet, is usually represented by tags or keywords. The process of representing information with tags is currently being implemented with products made by Zemanta and Open Calais. There are still many who believe a semantic web is beyond our technical ability to craft. I have a great interest in this area for a couple of reasons. Why I make videos I’m wrapping up with a quick description of why I make these bobbly head videos while out walking. I walk a lot. Introducing Snap Shots from Snap.com Sometimes Snap Shots bring you the information you need, without your having to leave the site, while other times it lets you “look ahead,” before deciding if you want to follow a link or not.