Charles Cros Charles Cros or Émile-Hortensius-Charles Cros (October 1, 1842 – August 9, 1888) was a French poet and inventor. He was born in Fabrezan, Aude, France, 35 km to the East of Carcassonne. Cros was a well-regarded poet and humorous writer. As an inventor, he was interested in the fields of transmitting graphics by telegraph and making photographs in color, but he is perhaps best known for being the first person to conceive a method for reproducing recorded sound, an invention he named the Paleophone. Charles Cros died in Paris at the age of 45. Inventions[edit] In 1860 Cros began studies in medicine, but he soon abandoned them for a life of literary and scientific pursuits. Cros is perhaps most famous as the man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph. Before Cros had a chance to follow up on this idea or attempt to construct a working model, Thomas Alva Edison introduced his first working phonograph in the US. Poetry[edit] Bibliography[edit] Non-fiction[edit] Poetry[edit]
Shadow Area where light is blocked by an object Shadows of visitors to the Eiffel Tower, viewed from the first platform Park fence shadow is distorted by an uneven snow surface Shadows from cumulus clouds thick enough to block sunlight Point and non-point light sources[edit] A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". The outlines of the shadow zones can be found by tracing the rays of light emitted by the outermost regions of the extended light source. By contrast, the penumbra is illuminated by some parts of the light source, giving it an intermediate level of light intensity. The absence of diffusing atmospheric effects in the vacuum of outer space produces shadows that are stark and sharply delineated by high-contrast boundaries between light and dark. For a person or object touching the surface where the shadow is projected (e.g. a person standing on the ground, or a pole in the ground) the shadows converge at the point of contact. Astronomy[edit] Lotus clour[edit]
Alexander Fleming Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, botanist and Nobel Prize recipient Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS[1] (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens is described as the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus Lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Early life and education Born on 6 August 1881 at Lochfield farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, Scotland, Alexander Fleming was the third of four children of farmer Hugh Fleming (1816–1888) and Grace Stirling Morton (1848–1928), the daughter of a neighbouring farmer. Scientific contributions Antiseptics Discovery of lysozyme Discovery of penicillin
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Żona Pierre’a Curie, matka Ève Curie i Irène Joliot-Curie. Życiorys Drzewo genealogiczne laureaci Nagrody Nobla odznaczeni Legią Honorową Dzieciństwo i młodość w Polsce Władysław Skłodowski oraz, od lewej, Maria, Bronisława, Helena, 1890 Gdy Maria miała 10 lat rozpoczęła naukę na pensji dla dziewcząt, którą wcześniej prowadziła jej matka. W Szczukach Maria poznała syna Żorawskich, Kazimierza, wtedy młodego studenta matematyki. Na początku 1890, zgodnie z wcześniejszą umową, Bronisława, która kilka miesięcy wcześniej poślubiła Kazimierza Dłuskiego (także lekarza), zaprosiła ją do swojego paryskiego mieszkania, oferując pełne utrzymanie. Studia na Sorbonie i Pierre Curie Karta tytułowa pracy doktorskiej Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie z 1903 Maria Skłodowska rozpoczęła naukę na Sorbonie w listopadzie 1891. Po ukończonych studiach, Gabriel Lippmann pomógł Marii otrzymać stypendium naukowe nad badaniami naukowymi związanymi z magnetycznymi właściwościami różnych rodzajów stali. Odkrycie polonu i radu Filmy
Le Corbusier Signature Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, dit Le Corbusier, est un architecte, urbaniste, décorateur, peintre, sculpteur, auteur suisse naturalisé français[a], né le 6 octobre 1887 à La Chaux-de-Fonds en Suisse et mort le 27 août 1965 à Roquebrune-Cap-Martin en France. Il est l'un des principaux représentants du mouvement moderne avec, entre autres, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Alvar Aalto et Theo van Doesburg. Il a de même côtoyé Robert Mallet-Stevens. L'œuvre architecturale de Le Corbusier regroupant dix-sept sites (dont dix en France, les autres étant répartis sur trois continents) est classée au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO le 17 juillet 2016. Il est le père de l'architecture moderne, étant le premier à remplacer les murs porteurs extérieurs par des piliers de béton armé placés à l'intérieur des constructions. Dès lors, les façades ne portant plus les étages supérieurs, il est possible de les habiller avec des cloisons légères et de multiples et très grandes fenêtres.
Animal Kingdom of living things Etymology The word animal comes from the Latin noun animal of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin animalis 'having breath or soul'.[6] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[7] In colloquial usage, the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals.[8][9][10][11] The term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα meta 'after' (in biology, the prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ zōia 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.[12] A metazoan is any member of the group Metazoa.[13] Characteristics Animals have several characteristics that they share with other living things. Structural features Animals have structural characteristics that set them apart from all other living things: motility[22] i.e. able to spontaneously move their bodies during at least part of their life cycle.a blastula stage during embryonic development[23] Development Reproduction Ecology Diversity Size Evolutionary origin Phylogeny Notes
Joseph Lister Lister's carbolic steam spray apparatus, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, OM PC PRS (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912[1]), known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste. Lister's work led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients, distinguishing him as the "father of modern surgery".[2] Early life and education[edit] The Lord Lister Hotel in Hitchin, formerly Benjamin Abbott's Isaac Brown Academy, where Lister was a student from 1838 to 1841 At school, he became a fluent reader of French and German. Career and work[edit] Joseph Lister in his youth
Maria Skłodowska-Curie From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository English:Marie Curie (born Maria Skłodowska; November 7, 1867 – July 41934) was a physicist and chemist of Polish upbringing and, subsequently, French citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, the first twice-honored Nobel laureate (and still the only one in two different sciences) and the first female professor at the University of Paris. Español:Marie Curie (7 de noviembre de 1867 – 4 de julio de 1934) fue una química y física polaca, posteriormente nacionalizada francesa. Français :Maria Skłodowska-Curie, née à Varsovie le 7 novembre1867 et décédée à Sancellemoz le 4 juillet1934, connue en France sous le nom de Marie Curie, est une physicienne polonaise naturalisée française. Polski:Maria Skłodowska-Curie (ur. 7 listopada1867 w Warszawie, zm. 4 lipca1934 w Sancellemoz), światowej sławy uczona pochodzenia polskiego, większość życia spędziła we Francji, tam też rozwinęła swoją karierę naukową.
Gustave Eiffel - Gustave Eiffel Rapatronic Camera: An Atomic Blast Shot at 1/100,000,000th of a Second | PetaPixel This is a photo of an atomic bomb milliseconds after detonation, shot by Harold ‘Doc’ Edgerton in 1952 through his Rapatronic (Rapid Action Electronic) Camera. The photo was shot at night through a 10 foot lens, situated 7 miles away from the blast, atop a 75 foot tower. Edgerton systematically turned on and off magnetic fields acting as the camera’s shutter, as opposed to a conventional, mechanical close. How fast was the magnetic field shutter? For comparison, a manual 35mm camera has a ‘top speed’ of maybe 1/3200. This is 1/100,000,000th of a second after the first photo. This isn’t the normal funny, Mike – why would you post something like this? As a photographer, I’m inspired by odd things. As a human, It’s hard for me to fathom that something so horrible and destructive could be so mesmerizingly beautiful. Another 1/100,000,000th of a second later, and you can see the Joshua Trees with the front row seat to Doomstown. When I see the pics, I kind of zone out.
Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, FRS (/ˈdʒɛnər/; 17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.[1][2] The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1796 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.[3] Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human".[4][5][6] In Jenner’s time, smallpox killed around 10 percent of the population, with the number as high as 20 percent in towns and cities where infection spread more easily.[6] In 1821 he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. Early life[edit] Zoology[edit] Marriage and human medicine[edit]
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum Mural on birthplace, painted 2011 on 100th anniversary of second Nobel Prize. Mural shows (infant) Maria holding a test tube from which emanate the elements she discovered: polonium and radium. An exhibition at the museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum (Polish: Muzeum Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie) is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (ulica Freta 16) in Warsaw's "New Town" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born.[1] Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved to 5 Freta Street. History[edit] The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum was established in 1967, by the Polish Chemical Society, on the centenary of the birth of the physicist-chemist. Collections[edit] The museum is biographical in character, with permanent exhibits and periodic special exhibits.
Denis Papin