Provenance Provenance (from the French provenir, "to come from"), is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object.[1] The term was originally mostly used in relation to works of art, but is now used in similar senses in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The primary purpose of tracing the provenance of an object or entity is normally to provide contextual and circumstantial evidence for its original production or discovery, by establishing, as far as practicable, its later history, especially the sequences of its formal ownership, custody, and places of storage. The practice has a particular value in helping authenticate objects. Comparative techniques, expert opinions, and the results of scientific tests may also be used to these ends, but establishing provenance is essentially a matter of documentation. Works of art and antiques[edit] Wines[edit] Archives[edit] Books[edit]
Faceted navigation for document discovery Better search with faceted navigation Text search is one of the most important ways that users of enterprise content can find the documents they need. Unfortunately, there are a number of reasons why enterprise text search systems often work less well than search of the public Internet (Enterprise Search: Tough Stuff, Rajat Mukherjee and Jianchang Mao. ACM Queue vol. 2, no. 2, April 2004). Thus there is an opportunity to improve search within enterprises by using metadata. While there are several different ways for a user to specify metadata conditions, this article is about one that has special advantages: faceted navigation. Back to top Example of faceted navigation The faceted navigation search interface of Croton is shown in Figure 1. This example illustrates three key features of faceted navigation: The user selects metadata conditions by clicking on values presented by the application.Only metadata values that lead to documents are presented. Figure 1. The WITS document set Table 1.
Tools OWL Web Ontology Language Guide W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004 New Version Available: OWL 2 (Document Status Update, 12 November 2009) The OWL Working Group has produced a W3C Recommendation for a new version of OWL which adds features to this 2004 version, while remaining compatible. This version: Latest version: Previous version: Editors: Michael K. Chris Welty, IBM Research, Deborah L. Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. See also translations. Copyright © 2004 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM , Keio), All Rights Reserved. Abstract The World Wide Web as it is currently constituted resembles a poorly mapped geography. The OWL Web Ontology Language is intended to provide a language that can be used to describe the classes and relations between them that are inherent in Web documents and applications. This document demonstrates the use of the OWL language to
Curated knowledge RDF Primer The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language for representing information about resources in the World Wide Web. This Primer is designed to provide the reader with the basic knowledge required to effectively use RDF. It introduces the basic concepts of RDF and describes its XML syntax. It describes how to define RDF vocabularies using the RDF Vocabulary Description Language, and gives an overview of some deployed RDF applications. It also describes the content and purpose of other RDF specification documents. 1. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language for representing information about resources in the World Wide Web. RDF is intended for situations in which this information needs to be processed by applications, rather than being only displayed to people. RDF is based on the idea of identifying things using Web identifiers (called Uniform Resource Identifiers, or URIs), and describing resources in terms of simple properties and property values. <? 2. (URL).
Information Systems SPARQL SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework format.[2][3] It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 became an official W3C Recommendation,[4][5] and SPARQL 1.1 in March, 2013.[6] SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns.[7] Implementations for multiple programming languages exist.[8] "SPARQL will make a huge difference" making the web machine-readable according to Sir Tim Berners-Lee in a May 2006 interview.[9] Advantages[edit] The example below demonstrates a simple query that leverages the ontology definition "foaf", often called the "friend-of-a-friend" ontology.
Artificial intelligence AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence is still among the field's long-term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. History[edit] Research[edit] Goals[edit] Planning[edit] Logic-based
FOAF Vocabulary Specification Classes Class: foaf:Agent Agent - An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact). The Agent class is the class of agents; things that do stuff. The Agent class is useful in a few places in FOAF where Person would have been overly specific. [#] [back to top] Class: foaf:Document Document - A document. The Document class represents those things which are, broadly conceived, 'documents'. The Image class is a sub-class of Document, since all images are documents. We do not (currently) distinguish precisely between physical and electronic documents, or between copies of a work and the abstraction those copies embody. [#] [back to top] Class: foaf:Group Group - A class of Agents. The Group class represents a collection of individual agents (and may itself play the role of a Agent, ie. something that can perform actions). This concept is intentionally quite broad, covering informal and ad-hoc groups, long-lived communities, organizational groups within a workplace, etc. Here is an example.
Cognition Cognition is a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious.[4] These processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, systemics, and computer science.[5][page needed] Within psychology or philosophy, the concept of cognition is closely related to abstract concepts such as mind, intelligence. It encompasses the mental functions, mental processes (thoughts), and states of intelligent entities (humans, collaborative groups, human organizations, highly autonomous machines, and artificial intelligences).[3] Etymology[edit] Origins[edit] Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) heavily emphasized the notion of what he called introspection; examining the inner feelings of an individual. Psychology[edit] Social process[edit] Serial position
Services The Matchmaker is also a web service that helps make connections between service requesters and service providers. The Matchmaker serves as a "yellow pages" of service capabilities. The Matchmaker allows users and/or software agents to find each other by providing a mechanism for registering service capabilities. Registration information is stored as advertisements. When the Matchmaker agent receives a query from a user or another software agent, it searches its dynamic database of advertisements for agents that can fulfill the incoming request. Our DAML-S Matchmaker employs techniques from information retrieval, AI, and software engineering to compute the syntactical and semantic similarity among service capability descriptions. Visit for further details.
Semantic Web The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by international standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[1] The standard promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).[2] According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries".[2] The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines.[3] While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept. History[edit] Purpose[edit] Limitations of HTML[edit] Semantic Web solutions[edit]