Where does it say in the Quran to kill infidels? Vedas Ancient scriptures of Hinduism The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the Atharvaveda. The Vedas (,[4] IAST: veda, Sanskrit: वेदः, lit. 'knowledge') are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[5][6][7] There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda.[8][9] Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).[8][10][11] Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship). The Vedas have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques. Etymology and usage Vedic texts
Ludwig Tieck Johann Ludwig Tieck (/tiːk/; German: [tiːk]; 31 May 1773 – 28 April 1853) was a German poet, fiction writer, translator, and critic. He was one of the founding fathers of the Romantic movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early life[edit] Tieck was born in Berlin, the son of a rope-maker. On returning to Berlin in 1794, Tieck attempted to make a living by writing. Adoption of Romanticism[edit] Tieck's transition to Romanticism is seen in the series of plays and stories published under the title Volksmärchen von Peter Lebrecht (3 vols., 1797), a collection containing the fairy tale Der blonde Eckbert, which blends exploration of the paranoiac mind with the realm of the supernatural, and a witty dramatic satire on Berlin literary taste, Der gestiefelte Kater. In 1817 Tieck visited England in order to collect materials for a work on Shakespeare, which was never finished. Later years[edit] Literary significance[edit] Works[edit] Translations[edit] Influences[edit] Letters[edit]
Brahma Sutras The Brahma sūtras (Sanskrit: ब्रह्म सूत्र), also known as the Vedānta Sūtras (वेदान्त सूत्र), are one of the three canonical texts of the Vedānta school of Hindu philosophy. The Brahma sūtra is an early exposition of the Vedanta-interpretation of the Upanishads. It is an attempt to systematise the various strands of the Upanishads which form the background of the orthodox systems of thought. Author[edit] The Brahma Sutras are attributed to Badarayana. Overview[edit] The Brahma Sūtras are also known by other names: Vedānta Sūtras, Uttara Mīmāmsā-sūtras, Śārīraka Sūtras, Śārīraka Mimāmsā-sūtras. The Brahma Sūtras attempt to reconcile the seemingly contradictory and diverse statements of the various Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gītā, by placing each teaching in a doctrinal context. The Vedānta Sūtras supply ample evidence that at a very early time, i.e. a period before their own final composition, there were differences of opinion among the various interpreters of the Vedānta. Structure[edit]
Bhishma In the Mahabharata, Bhishma (Sanskrit: भीष्म) was well known for his pledge of Celibacy. He was the eighth son of Kuru King Shantanu and the river goddess Ganga.[1] Bhishma was blessed with wish-long life and was related to both the Pandava and the Kaurava.[2] He was an unparalleled archer and warrior of his time. He also handed down the Vishnu Sahasranama to Yudhishtira[3] when he was on his death bed (of arrows) in the battle of Kurukshetra. Etymology[edit] In Sanskrit, the word Bhishma (भीष्म) means 'one who undertakes a terrible vow (bheeshma pratigya) and fulfills it.' His other names are as follows - Devavrata (देवव्रत)Gangaputra (गंगापुत्र) - son of GangaShantanava (शान्तनव) - descendant (son) of ShantanuPitamaha (पितामह) - paternal grandfatherMahamahima (महामहिम) - great king or the one who is excessively greatGauranga (गौरांग) - the one with fair bodyShvetaveera (श्वेतवीर) - a white warrior or the one who is heroic whiteAshta Vasu - elemental gods (in previous life) Birth[edit]
Convention on Biological Diversity in Egypt. 28 November 2018 Nele Marien explains the scale and cost of financial lobbying against biodiversity efforts. Corporate pressure has been strong during the past two weeks of negotiations at the Convention on Biological Diversity in Egypt. Conflicts of interest Corporations are stacking scientific sub-bodies with their own people. Conflicting interests will not be made public. Forced in to corporate terms One of the biodiversity buzzwords is ‘mainstreaming’, and almost everyone is paying the term lip service. Two years ago, delegates to the Convention were being asked to do mainstreaming work on agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and forestry – industries that are damaging to the environment, to be sure, but which will nonetheless collapse if our ecosystems do. There are no solutions to the biodiversity crisis to be found within, or by working with, these industries. Neoliberal business as usual The real solutions to the ecological crisis lie in valuing the wellbeing of people and the planet.
Upanishads Ancient Sanskrit religious and philosophical texts of Hinduism The Upanishads (;[1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈupɐniʂɐd]) are Sanskrit texts of the late Vedic and post-Vedic periods that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.[note 1] They are the most recent addition to the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, and deal with meditation, philosophy, consciousness, and ontological knowledge. Earlier parts of the Vedas dealt with mantras, benedictions, rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices.[4][5] 108 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (mukhya) Upanishads.[11][12] The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the Brahmanas and Aranyakas and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down orally. [edit] Other
Novalis German poet and writer Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), better known by his pen name Novalis (German pronunciation: [noˈvaːlɪs]), was an 18th-century German aristocrat, poet, author, mystic and philosopher of Early German Romanticism. Novalis was born into a minor aristocratic family in Electoral Saxony. He was the second of eleven children; his early household observed a strict Pietist faith. He studied law at the University of Jena, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Wittenberg. While at Jena he published his first poem and befriended the playwright and poet Friedrich Schiller. Novalis's early reputation as a romantic poet was primarily based on his literary works, which were published by his friends Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck shortly after his death, in 1802. Biography[edit] Birth and early background[edit] Novalis's early education was strongly influenced by Pietism. Coat-of-arms of the Hardenberg family Legacy[edit]
Vedanta Vedanta (/vɪˈdɑːntə/; Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋeːd̪aːn̪t̪], Devanagari: वेदान्त, Vedānta) is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. The term literally translates to "the end of Veda" or "the conclusion of Veda," and originally referred to the Upanishads, a collection of foundational texts in Hinduism (considered the last appendix or final layer of the Vedic canon). By the 8th century,[citation needed] it came to mean all philosophical traditions concerned with interpreting the three basic texts of Hinduist philosophy, namely the Upanishads, the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita, and was eventually recognized as distinct from the other five astika schools. Vedanta is the most prominent and philosophically advanced of the orthodox schools and the term Vedanta may also be used to refer to Indian philosophy more generall. Etymology[edit] The name is a morphophonological form of Veda-anta = "Veda-end" = "the appendix to the Vedic hymns". The three basic texts[edit]