The Complete Dinosaur - James Orville Farlow, Michael K. Brett-Surman The Age of Dinosaurs in South America - Fernando E. Novas Pterosaur Wings Pterosaur wing origins It has been said that pterosaurs appeared suddenly in the fossil record with no apparent precursors. Unfortunately, this is the belief of those who still believe pterosaurs are archosaurs. No series of archosaurs has ever been put forth that demonstrates a gradual evolution of pterosaurian characters, hence the paradigm mentioned above. Lepdiosaurian fenestrasaurs (Peters 2000, 2009) do demonstrate a gradual evolution of pterosaurian characters, no matter which characters one chooses. 1.7 Illustrates the basal lepidosaur, Sphenodon. 1.1 Illustrates the basal squamate Huehuecuetzpalli. 1.2 Illustrates the basal fenestrasaur, Cosesaurus. 1.3 Illustrates Sharovipteryx. 1.4 Illustrates Longisquama. 1.5 and 1.6 Ilustrate the derived fenestrasaur and basal pterosaur, MPUM 6009. A recent paper on pterosaur wing shape (Elgin, Hone and Frey 2010) purported to show that all pterosaur wing membranes attached at the tibia or ankle (see below).
Perhaps the Propatagium IS the Longus Metacarpal Extensor in Pterosaurs | The Pterosaur Heresies Flexion and Extension in Pterosaur Wings Workers have been looking for evidence of a wing finger extensor muscle/tendon in pterosaurs without much success. For some the longus metacarpal extensor would be the most likely wing finger extensor in pterosaurs. The flexor digitorum longus has been promoted as the most likely wing finger flexor in pterosaurs. Both of these muscles originate on the distal humerus in most tetrapods and terminate on the proximal phalanges. Figure 1. Bennett (2008) Flips Things Around The above soft tissue restoration by Bennett (2008, Fig. 1) is based on several strange morphological changes that would have made pterosaurs different than all other tetrapods. As an aside, Bennett (2008) mistakenly illustrated (Fig. 1) digit 3 above digits 2 and 1 in dorsal view, but promoted the opposite configuration (1 dorsal to 2 and 3, illustrated here) in his text. Figure 2. Have We Overlooked the Propatagium? Figure 3. Figure 4. This model agrees with the fossil record.
hallett_dino_web das_reich_der_tiere8 das_reich_der_tiere6 das_reich_der_tiere2 Dinosaur Drawings and the Rest by IDougDinosaurs List of extinct mammals A large number of prehistoric mammals are extinct, such as Megafauna. See List of prehistoric mammals. This is an incomplete list of historically known extinct mammals, their dates of extinction, and former range. Mammals included are organisms which have been described by science, but which have subsequently become extinct. Many of these animals have become extinct as a result of human hunting, for food or sport, or through the destruction of habitat. Marsupials[edit] Sirenians[edit] Steller's Sea Cow (1768), Commander Islands Rodents[edit] Ungulates[edit] Cebu Warty Pig (2000, Philippines) Lagomorphs[edit] Proboscids[edit] Tubulidentata[edit] Bibymalagasia (200 BCE, Madagascar) Soricimorphs[edit] Bats[edit] Cetaceans[edit] Chinese River Dolphin Baiji (2006, China) (officially listed as functionally extinct; it is possible that a few aging individuals still survive) Artiodactyls[edit] Aurochs Carnivores[edit] Javan Tiger, pictured 1938 Subspecies Primates[edit] Koala lemur (1500, Madagascar) See also[edit]
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