Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] In more casual speech, by extension, "philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group".[4] The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".[5][6][7] The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras.[8] Areas of inquiry Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.[9][10] Some of the major areas of study are considered individually below. Epistemology Rationalism is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. Logic
Osho Chandra Mohan Jain (11 December 1931 – 19 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh from the 1960s onwards, as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( pronunciation ) during the 1970s and 1980s, and as Osho ( pronunciation ;) from 1989, was an Indian mystic, guru and spiritual teacher. His international following has continued after his death. A professor of philosophy, he traveled throughout India during the 1960s as a public speaker. Rajneesh's ashram in Pune[6] is today known as the Osho International Meditation Resort. Biography[edit] Childhood and adolescence: 1931–1950[edit] University years and public speaking: 1951–1970[edit] In 1951, aged nineteen, Rajneesh began his studies at Hitkarini College in Jabalpur.[19] Asked to leave after conflicts with an instructor, he transferred to D.N. After calling for a greater acceptance of sex in a 1968 lecture series (later published as From Sex to Superconsciousness), Rajneesh was dubbed "the sex guru" by the Indian press. Bombay: 1970–1974[edit] Peter B.
Chinese folk religion Altar to the Five Officials worshipped inside the Temple of the Five Lords in Haikou, Hainan. The Chinese folk religion has a variety of sources, localised worship forms, ritual and philosophical traditions. Among the ritual traditions, notable examples includes Wuism and Nuoism. Overview[edit] Communal ceremony at the Temple of Shennong-Yandi in Suizhou, Hubei. The Temple of the Town God of Beijing. Chinese folk religion is very diversified, varying from provice to province and even from a village to another, for it is bound to local communities, kinship, and environments.[19] In each setting, institution and ritual behaviour assumes highly organised forms.[19] Temples and the gods enshrined acquire symbolic character, with specific functions involved in the everyday life of the local community.[19] Local religion holds aspects of natural belief systems such as animism and shamanism.[20][21] Philosophical framework[edit] Divine efficacy[edit]
Qualia In philosophy, qualia (/ˈkwɑːliə/ or /ˈkweɪliə/; singular form: quale) are what some consider to be individual instances of subjective, conscious experience. The term "qualia" derives from the Latin neuter plural form (qualia) of the Latin adjective quālis (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkʷaːlɪs]) meaning "of what sort" or "of what kind"). Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky. Daniel Dennett (b. 1942), American philosopher and cognitive scientist, regards qualia as "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us".[2] Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), the famous physicist, had this counter-materialist take: The sensation of color cannot be accounted for by the physicist's objective picture of light-waves. Definitions[edit] Saturated colors are a commonly used example of a quale. There are many definitions of qualia, which have changed over time. Daniel Dennett[edit]
Classical music Montage of some great classical music composers. From left to right: Top row: Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven; second row: Gioachino Rossini, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Richard Wagner, Giuseppe Verdi; third row: Johann Strauss II, Johannes Brahms, Georges Bizet, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák; bottom row: Edvard Grieg, Edward Elgar, Sergei Rachmaninoff, George Gershwin, Aram Khachaturian The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age.[7] The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.[1][8] Characteristics[edit] Literature[edit] The most outstanding characteristic of classical music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. Instrumentation[edit]
Religion Pantheon List of Gods Roman PaganismThe religion of Rome If anything, the Romans had a practical attitude to religion, as to most things, which perhaps explains why they themselves had difficulty in taking to the idea of a single, all-seeing, all-powerful god. The origins of Roman Religion Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. It could even occur that a deity was worshipped, for reasons no-one really could remember. Prayer and Sacrifice Most form of religious activity required some kind of sacrifice. Prayer and Sacrifice Omens and Superstitions The Roman was by nature a very superstitious person. Omens and Superstitions Religion in the Home If the Roman state entertained temples and rituals for the benefit of the greater gods, then the Romans in the privacy of their own homes also worshipped their domestic deities. Religion in the Home Countryside Festivals To the Roman peasant the world around simply abound with gods, spirits and omens. The Festivals
Chinese spiritual world concepts Chinese spiritual world concepts are cultural practices or methods found in Chinese culture. Some fit in the realms of a particular religion, others do not. In general these concepts were uniquely evolved from the Chinese values of filial piety, tacit acknowledgment of the co-existence of the living and the deceased, and the belief in causality and reincarnation, with or without religious overtones. Practices and Beliefs[edit] Modes of Communication[edit] Figures[edit] Gwai ren (貴人) - Someone who can help you. Objects[edit] Peach wood sword (桃木劍) - the definitive weapon used for demon exorcism during Taoist exorcism.[8] The ones from Long Mountain in Jiangxi province are particularly valued as the premium quality peach wood swords.[8]Stone tablets (石敢當) - the tablets are placed at main doors, junctions of small avenues, three-way junctions, river banks or ponds to gather positive energy and ward off evil spirit. Finance[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
God In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith.[1] The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is purported not to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. Etymology and usage General conceptions Oneness Main articles: Monotheism and Henotheism Theism, deism and pantheism St.
Théorie des cordes Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Les niveaux de grossissements : monde macroscopique, monde moléculaire, monde atomique, monde subatomique, monde des cordes. La théorie des cordes est un domaine actif de recherche traitant de l'une des questions de la physique théorique : fournir une description de la gravité quantique c’est-à-dire l’unification de la mécanique quantique et de la théorie de la relativité générale. La principale particularité de la théorie des cordes est que son ambition ne s’arrête pas à cette réconciliation, mais qu’elle prétend réussir à unifier les quatre interactions élémentaires connues, on parle de théorie du tout. La théorie des cordes a obtenu des premiers résultats théoriques partiels. Dans le cadre de la thermodynamique des trous noirs elle permet de reproduire la formule de Bekenstein et Hawking pour l’entropie des trous noirs. Présentation élémentaire du problème[modifier | modifier le code] Hypothèses et prédictions[modifier | modifier le code]
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