C++ C++ (pronounced see plus plus) is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features.[3] It provides imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages[4][5] and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient performance driven programming language it is used in systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.[6] Various entities provide both open source and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the FSF, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. History As the C++ language evolved, the standard library evolved with it. Etymology Philosophy Standardization C++14 or C++1y are names being used for the next minor revision. Language Templates
Learn about Java Technology Java is the foundation for virtually every type of networked application and is the global standard for developing and delivering embedded and mobile applications, games, Web-based content, and enterprise software. With more than 9 million developers worldwide, Java enables you to efficiently develop, deploy and use exciting applications and services. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere! 97% of Enterprise Desktops Run Java89% of Desktops (or Computers) in the U.S. Why Software Developers Choose Java Java has been tested, refined, extended, and proven by a dedicated community of Java developers, architects and enthusiasts. Some Ways Software Developers Learn Java Many colleges and universities offer courses in programming for the Java platform. Young Developers Learn Java Young people are learning programming languages from the earliest ages and up. What Is JavaFX JavaFX is powered by Java. Back to top
Implementing REST Web Services: Best Practices and Guidelines August 11, 2004 Despite the lack of vendor support, Representational State Transfer (REST) web services have won the hearts of many working developers. For example, Amazon's web services have both SOAP and REST interfaces, and 85% of the usage is on the REST interface. Compared with other styles of web services, REST is easy to implement and has many highly desirable architectural properties: scalability, performance, security, reliability, and extensibility. Those characteristics fit nicely with the modern business environment, which commands technical solutions just as adoptive and agile as the business itself. A few short years ago, REST had a much lower profile than XML-RPC, which was much in fashion. The purpose of this article is to summarize some best practices and guidelines for implementing RESTful web services. The following notations are used in this article: Reprising REST Let's briefly reiterate the REST web services architecture. Resource URI Opacity [BP] mimeType={mime-type}
SQL SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/,[4] or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language[5][6][7][8]) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.[12] Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. History[edit] SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. Syntax[edit] Language elements[edit] A chart showing several of the SQL language elements that compose a single statement
REST (Representational state transfer) Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architecture style consisting of guidelines and best practices for creating scalable web services.[1][2] REST is a coordinated set of constraints applied to the design of components in a distributed hypermedia system that can lead to a more performant and maintainable architecture.[3] REST has gained widespread acceptance across the Web[citation needed] as a simpler alternative to SOAP and WSDL-based Web services. RESTful systems typically, but not always, communicate over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the same HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) used by web browsers to retrieve web pages and send data to remote servers.[3] The REST architectural style was developed by W3C Technical Architecture Group (TAG) in parallel with HTTP 1.1, based on the existing design of HTTP 1.0.[4] The World Wide Web represents the largest implementation of a system conforming to the REST architectural style. Architectural properties[edit]
Graph theory Refer to the glossary of graph theory for basic definitions in graph theory. Definitions[edit] Definitions in graph theory vary. Graph[edit] Other senses of graph stem from different conceptions of the edge set. All of these variants and others are described more fully below. The vertices belonging to an edge are called the ends, endpoints, or end vertices of the edge. V and E are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. (the number of vertices). For an edge {u, v}, graph theorists usually use the somewhat shorter notation uv. Applications[edit] The network graph formed by Wikipedia editors (edges) contributing to different Wikipedia language versions (nodes) during one month in summer 2013.[3] Graphs can be used to model many types of relations and processes in physical, biological,[4] social and information systems. History[edit] "[...] Graph drawing[edit]
Hypertext Text with references (links) to other text that the reader can immediately access "(...)'Hypertext' is a recent coinage. 'Hyper-' is used in the mathematical sense of extension and generality (as in 'hyperspace,' 'hypercube') rather than the medical sense of 'excessive' ('hyperactivity'). There is no implication about size— a hypertext could contain only 500 words or so. 'Hyper-' refers to structure and not size." The English prefix "hyper-" comes from the Greek prefix "ὑπερ-" and means "over" or "beyond"; it has a common origin with the prefix "super-" which comes from Latin. The term "hypertext" is often used where the term "hypermedia" might seem appropriate. In 1992, author Ted Nelson – who coined both terms in 1963 [3][4]– wrote: By now the word "hypertext" has become generally accepted for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word "hypermedia", meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics, movies and sound – as well as text – is much less used. [edit]
MATLAB Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia.[3] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises. History[edit] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. Syntax[edit] The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of MATLAB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive mathematical shell), or executing text files containing MATLAB codes, including scripts and/or functions.[7] Variables[edit] .fig
HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. History[edit] The historic logo made by the W3C Development[edit] In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. HyperText Markup Language is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages. HTML versions timeline[edit] November 24, 1995 April 1998
Innovation While something novel is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis it is generally considered a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that they have an impact on society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better. Inter-disciplinary views[edit] Society[edit] Due to its widespread effect, innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, technology, sociology, and engineering. Innovation is not only a modern phenomenon. Business and economics[edit] In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. Organizations[edit] According to Peter F.
Web Services explained First, Web Services using SOAP, REST, and JSON are discussed. This is followed by a history of Web Services covering the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). Web Services Specifications Three specifications for Web Services are illustrated in this section: SOAP, REST, and JSON. SOAP was originally part of the specification that included the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). Representation State Transfer (REST) Representation State Transfer (REST) appeals to developers because it has a simpler style that makes it easier to use than SOAP. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) While both SOAP and REST use XML for interchange, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) uses a subset of JavaScript. When to Use SOAP, REST, JSON or Other Options There really is no "best" option for Web Services. History of the Web Services Specification Web Services Description Language (WSDL)