MBTI Basics The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) personality inventory is to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people's lives. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. "Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas. In developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator [instrument], the aim of Isabel Briggs Myers, and her mother, Katharine Briggs, was to make the insights of type theory accessible to individuals and groups. The identification of basic preferences of each of the four dichotomies specified or implicit in Jung's theory. The identification and description of the 16 distinctive personality types that result from the interactions among the preferences."
David Keirsey David West Keirsey (/ˈkɜrziː/; August 31, 1921 - July 30, 2013[1]) was an American psychologist, a professor emeritus at California State University, Fullerton, and the author of several books. In his most popular publications, Please Understand Me (1978, co-authored by Marilyn Bates) and the revised and expanded second volume Please Understand Me II (1998), he laid out a self-assessed personality questionnaire, known as the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, which links human behaviorial patterns to four temperaments and sixteen character types. Both volumes of Please Understand Me contain the questionnaire for type evaluation with detailed portraits and a systematic treatment of descriptions of temperament traits and personality characteristics. Early life, education and professional experience[edit] Development of temperament theories[edit] Keirsey has written extensively about his model of four temperaments (Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational) and sixteen role variants. Notes[edit]
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Model of personality types A chart with descriptions of each Myers–Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory. In personality typology, the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is an introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. The test attempts to assign a value to each of four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. One letter from each category is taken to produce a four-letter test result, such as "INTP" or "ESFJ".[2][3] The MBTI was constructed by two Americans: Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, who were inspired by the book Psychological Types by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. History[edit] Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Myers' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service. Format and administration[edit]
Four Temperaments Choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic temperaments Four temperaments is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types, sanguine (pleasure-seeking and sociable), choleric (ambitious and leader-like), melancholic (analytical and literal), and phlegmatic (relaxed and thoughtful). Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures of the types. The Greek physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC) incorporated the four temperaments into his medical theories as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism, that four bodily fluids affect human personality traits and behaviors. Later discoveries in biochemistry have led modern medicine science to reject the theory of the four temperaments, although some personality type systems of varying scientific acceptance continue to use four or more categories of a similar nature. History and development[edit] Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments The four temperament types[edit]
The Complete List of Examples of Personality Types This list includes both real and fictional people. Feel free to comment on any you disagree with, as I want to make this list as accurate as possible. ESTJ - The Rigid Enforcer - The Big Boss - The Strict RegulatorReal Oliver North Grover Cleveland John Rockefeller David Rockefeller Pontius Pilate Judge Judy Josef Stalin Queen Victoria Alois HitlerFictional Sergeant Hartman (Full Metal Jacket) Francis Griffin (Family Guy) Captain Barbosa Mr. ISTJ - The Model Student - The Disciplined Soldier - The Rule FollowerReal James K. ESFJ - The Loving Parent - The Compassionate Friend - The Friendly NeighborReal Sarah Palin Gerald Ford Terry Bradshaw Eddy Murphy Sally Field Jack Benny Mary Moore Jennifer Anniston Clay Aiken Dixie CarterFictional Wendy (Peter Pan) Donald Duck Molly Weasley Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) Forrest Gump Nermal (Garfield) Jar Jar Binks ISFJ - The Loyal Servant - The Dutiful Trustee - The Considerate AcquaintanceReal Mother Theresa Kristi Yamaguchi Robert E.
Rational temperament Description[edit] As the knowledge-seeking temperament, Rationals trust reason implicitly. They rely on objective observations and factual analysis in any given situation. They seek a logical argument as a basis for action. Interests: Rationals are drawn to science and technology. Self-image: The Rationals' self-esteem is rooted in their ingenuity; their self-respect in their autonomy; and their self-confidence in their resoluteness.[2] Values: Rationals appear calm even in times of turmoil. Social roles: In romantic relationships, Rationals want a mindmate with whom they can discuss the topics that interest them, which are often abstract or theoretical, such as philosophy. Stress[edit] The directive Rationals (Masterminds and Fieldmarshals) experience stress when their long-range vision is resisted or derailed. Traits in common with other temperaments[edit] Keirsey identified the following traits of the Rational temperament:[1] Abstract in communicating (like Idealists) See also[edit]
Common Careers for Personality Types Research has shown that many of the different Personality Types tend to have distinct preferences in their choice of careers. We have incorporated observations of each type's character traits which affect career choice along with some suggestions for possible directions. We have also included lists of actual careers which the various types have chosen in their lives. This material is provided for your reference, and is intended to be an informational guide.
Guardian temperament Description[edit] Guardians are concrete in communicating and cooperative in pursuing their goals. Their greatest strength is logistics. Their most developed intelligence role is either that of the Conservator (Protectors and Providers) or the Administrator (Inspector and Supervisor). As the security-seeking temperament, Guardians are practical and frugal types. Interests: In their education and careers, Guardians' primary interest is business and commerce, with an eye toward practical applications in managing materiel. Orientation: Guardians have a strong sense of duty. Self-image: The Guardians' self-esteem is based on their dependability; their self-respect on their beneficence; and their self-confidence on their respectability. Values: Guardians are concerned about the well-being of people and institutions that they hold dear. Social roles: In romantic relationships, Guardians regard themselves as helpmates, working together with their spouse to establish a secure home. Stress[edit]
Idealist temperament Description[edit] Idealists are abstract in speech and cooperative in pursuing their goals. Their greatest strength is diplomatic integration. Their best developed intelligence role is either mentoring (Counselors and Teachers) or advocacy (Healers and Champions). As the identity-seeking temperament, Idealists long for meaningful communication and relationships. They search for profound truths hidden beneath the surface, often expressing themselves in metaphor. Idealists strive to discover who they are and how they can become their best possible self -- always this quest for self-knowledge and self-improvement drives their imagination - and Idealists yearn to help others make the journey too. Interests: Idealists tend to study the humanities. Orientation: The lives of Idealists are guided by their devotion to their personal ethics.[1] They are altruistic, taking satisfaction in the well-being of others. Values: The emotions of Idealists "are both easily aroused and quickly discharged
Five Temperaments Five temperaments is a theory in psychology, that expands upon the Four Temperaments proposed in ancient medical theory. The development of a theory of five temperaments begins with the Two-factor models of personality and the work of the late William Schutz, and his FIRO-B program. It is a measure of interpersonal relations orientations that calculates a person's behavior patterns based on the scoring of a questionnaire. Although FIRO-B does not speak in terms of "temperament", this system of analysis graded questionnaires on two scales in three dimensions of interpersonal relations. When paired with temperament theory, a measurement of five temperaments resulted.[1] History and the ancient four temperaments[edit] This is also related to the classical elements of air, water, earth, and fire; as sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric, respectively. Development of related "two factor" models and the regaining popularity of the ancient temperaments[edit] The FIRO-B connection[edit]
Artisan temperament Description[edit] Artisans are concrete in speech and utilitarian in pursuing their goals. Their greatest strength is tactical variation. Their most developed intelligence role is that of either the Operator (Promoters and Crafters) or the Entertainer (Performers and Composers). As the stimulation-seeking temperament, Artisans prefer to live one day at a time. They may spontaneously pursue activities that offer fun or pleasure. Interests: In education, Artisans want to learn artcrafts and techniques that they can use in their career. Orientation: Artisans live in the here and now. Self-image: The Artisans' self-esteem is rooted in their grace and artistry; their self-respect in their boldness; and their self-confidence in their adaptability. Values: Artisans enjoy excitement and perform well when in a state of restless energy. Social roles: In romantic relationships, Artisans want a playmate, someone who can share in the pleasure and excitement they seek. Learning[edit] Stress[edit]
Neuroticism Emotional stability[edit] At the opposite end of the spectrum, individuals who score low in neuroticism are more emotionally stable and less reactive to stress. They tend to be calm, even-tempered, and less likely to feel tense or rattled. Measurement[edit] Like other personality traits, neuroticism is typically viewed as a continuous dimension rather than distinct. Extent of neuroticism is generally assessed using self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect neurotic traits, such as anxiety, envy, jealously, moodiness, and are very space and time efficient for research purposes. Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Psychopathology[edit] Neuropsychology[edit] Neuroticism appears to be related to physiological differences in the brain. Mental-noise hypothesis[edit] Sex differences[edit] Geography[edit]
Agreeableness Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate.[1] In contemporary personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in cooperation and social harmony.[2] People who score high on this dimension tend to believe that most people are honest, decent, and trustworthy. People scoring low on agreeableness are generally less concerned with others' well-being and report having less empathy. Therefore, these individuals are less likely to go out of their way to help others. Low agreeableness is often characterized by skepticism about other people's motives, resulting in suspicion and unfriendliness. History[edit] Cattell's 16 Personality Factors[edit] The Big Five[edit] Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures.