George Orwell

Animal Farm Animal Farm is an allegorical and dystopian novel by George Orwell, published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalin era in the Soviet Union.[1] Orwell, a democratic socialist,[2] was an outspoken critic of Joseph Stalin and, especially after experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish Civil War, he was actively opposed to the controversial ideology of Stalinism.[3] The Soviet Union, he believed, had become a brutal dictatorship, built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin "un conte satirique contre Staline", and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), he wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he had tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole". Plot summary Characters Pigs Humans Origin

Nineteen Eighty-Four History and title[edit] A 1947 draft manuscript of the first page of Nineteen Eighty-Four, showing the editorial development. The Last Man in Europe was an early title for the novel but in a letter dated 22 October 1948 to his publisher Fredric Warburg, eight months before publication, Orwell wrote about hesitating between The Last Man in Europe and Nineteen Eighty-Four.[14] Warburg suggested changing the main title to a more commercial one.[15] Copyright status[edit] The novel will be in the public domain in the European Union and Russia in 2021 and in the United States in 2044.[21] It is already in the public domain in Canada;[22] South Africa,[23] Argentina[24] Australia,[25] and Oman.[26] Background[edit] The banner of the Party in the 1984 film adaptation of the book (I) the upper-class Inner Party, the elite ruling minority, who make up 2% of the population. As the government, the Party controls the population with four ministries: Plot[edit] Characters[edit] Principal characters[edit]

Oscar Wilde Œuvres principales Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Enfance[modifier | modifier le code] Maison des Wilde à Dublin (1, Merrion Square). Mémorial à Oscar Wilde (Merrion Square, Dublin). Oscar Wilde naît au 21 Westland Row à Dublin (aujourd'hui le siège de l'Oscar Wilde Centre (en), Trinity College). Les poèmes des Young Irelanders, que leur mère leur lit régulièrement, font, dès le plus jeune âge, partie intégrante de l'univers culturel dans lequel baignent les deux frères Oscar et Willie Wilde. En 1855, la famille Wilde emménage au 1 Merrion Square, où leur fille Isola voit le jour deux ans plus tard. Jusqu'à l'âge de neuf ans, Oscar Wilde est éduqué à domicile, sous la garde d'une bonne française et d'une gouvernante allemande[10]. Études supérieures[modifier | modifier le code] Trinity College[modifier | modifier le code] Cette découverte de l'hellénisme va, pour Oscar Wilde, de pair avec un approfondissement de ses conceptions esthétiques, qui commencent à se préciser. et aussi :

Honoré de Balzac Honoré de Balzac (French: [ɔ.nɔ.ʁe d(ə) bal.zak]; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multifaceted characters, who are morally ambiguous. His writing influenced many subsequent novelists such as Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, Eça de Queirós, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Benito Pérez Galdós, Marie Corelli, Henry James, William Faulkner, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino, and philosophers such as Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. Biography[edit]

H. G. Wells Herbert George "H. G." Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)[3] was an English writer, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context.[5] He was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often (but not always, as at the beginning of the First World War) sympathising with pacifist views. Early life[edit] A defining incident of young Wells's life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg.[3] To pass the time he started reading books from the local library, brought to him by his father. No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. H.

Breakfast of Champions Breakfast of Champions, or Goodbye Blue Monday is a 1973 novel by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. Set in the fictional town of Midland City, it is the story of "two lonesome, skinny, fairly old white men on a planet which was dying fast." One of these men, Dwayne Hoover, is a normal-looking but deeply deranged Pontiac dealer and Burger Chef franchise owner who becomes obsessed with the writings of the other man, Kilgore Trout, taking them for literal truth. Plot summary[edit] Kilgore Trout is a widely published, but otherwise unsung and virtually invisible writer who, by a fluke, is invited to deliver a keynote address at a local arts festival in distant Midland City. Background[edit] In the preface, Vonnegut states that as he reached his fiftieth birthday he felt a need to "clear his head of all the junk in there"—which includes the various subjects of his drawings, and the characters from his past novels and stories. Adaptation[edit] Editions[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]

V for Vendetta Publication history[edit] When the publishers cancelled Warrior in 1985 (with two completed issues unpublished due to the cancellation), several companies attempted to convince Moore and Lloyd to let them publish and complete the story. In 1988, DC Comics published a ten-issue series that reprinted the Warrior stories in colour, then continued the series to completion. The first new material appeared in issue No. 7, which included the unpublished episodes that would have appeared in Warrior No. 27 and No. 28. Tony Weare drew one chapter ("Vincent") and contributed additional art to two others ("Valerie" and "The Vacation"); Steve Whitaker and Siobhan Dodds worked as colourists on the entire series. Background[edit] David Lloyd's paintings for V for Vendetta in Warrior originally appeared in black-and-white. Cover of Warrior#19, highlighting the comic's conflict between anarchist and fascist philosophies. Plot[edit] Book 1: Europe After the Reign[edit] Book 2: This Vicious Cabaret[edit]

H. G. Wells Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Wells. Herbert George Wells, plus connu sous la signature H. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Il fut un auteur très prolifique qui écrivit aussi bien des romans réalistes que de la science-fiction, comme des essais sur l'histoire de l'humanité ou l'évolution future de la société. Enfance et jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code] H.George Wells fut le cinquième et dernier enfant de Joseph Wells, un jardinier et joueur de cricket devenu boutiquier, et de Sarah Neal, une ancienne domestique. Un incident survenu alors qu'il n'avait que sept ans fut déterminant pour la suite de sa vie. Incapable de supporter plus longtemps leur charge de famille, les parents Wells eurent l'idée de placer leurs garçons comme apprentis dans différents corps de métier. Années d'études[modifier | modifier le code] H. En 1883, son employeur le renvoya, arguant qu'il n'était pas satisfait de ses services.

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/;[1] Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, pronounced [lʲɛf nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian novelist today regarded as one of the greatest of all time. In the 1870s Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist. His new-found asceticism and determination to renounce his considerable wealth tipped his marriage into bitter turmoil, which continued right up to his death at the age of 82 in the waiting room of an, until then, obscure Russian railway station. Life and career Death Tolstoy's grave with flowers at Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82. Personal life In films

Aldous Huxley English writer and philosopher (1894–1963) Aldous Leonard Huxley ( AWL-dəs; 26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.[1][2][3][4] His bibliography spans nearly 50 books,[5][6] including novels and non-fiction works, as well as essays, narratives, and poems. Born into the prominent Huxley family, he graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, with an undergraduate degree in English literature. Early life[edit] English Heritageblue plaque at 16 Bracknell Gardens, Hampstead, London, commemorating Aldous, his brother Julian, and his father Leonard As a child, Huxley's nickname was "Ogie", short for "Ogre".[19] He was described by his brother, Julian, as someone who frequently [contemplated] the strangeness of things".[19] According to his cousin and contemporary Gervas Huxley, he had an early interest in drawing.[19] I believe his blindness was a blessing in disguise. Career[edit] Contact with the Bloomsbury Set[edit] Life in the United States[edit] Biographer Harold H.

The Master and Margarita The Master and Margarita (Russian: «Ма́стер и Маргари́та») is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, written between 1928 and 1940 but unpublished in book form until 1967. It is woven around a visit by the Devil to the fervently atheistic Soviet Union. Many critics consider it to be one of the best novels of the 20th century, and the foremost of Soviet satires. History[edit] Bulgakov started writing the novel in 1928. In the Soviet Union, the first complete version, prepared by Anna Saakyants, was published by Khudozhestvennaya Literatura in 1973, based on the version completed at the beginning of 1940, as proofread by the publisher. Plot summary[edit] The novel alternates between two settings. The second setting is the Jerusalem of Pontius Pilate, described by Woland in his conversations with Berlioz and later echoed in the pages of the Master's novel. Part two of the novel introduces Margarita, the Master's mistress, who refuses to despair of her lover or his work. Interpretations[edit] Natasha

Alan Moore Alan Moore (born 18 November 1953) is an English writer primarily known for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta, and From Hell.[1] Frequently described as the best graphic novel writer in history,[2][3] he has been called "one of the most important British writers of the last fifty years".[4] He has occasionally used such pseudonyms as Curt Vile, Jill de Ray, Translucia Baboon and The Original Writer. Moore is an occultist, ceremonial magician,[6] and anarchist,[7] and has featured such themes in works including Promethea, From Hell, and V for Vendetta, as well as performing avant-garde spoken word occult "workings" with The Moon and Serpent Grand Egyptian Theatre of Marvels, some of which have been released on CD. Early life[edit] "LSD was an incredible experience. Not that I'm recommending it for anybody else; but for me it kind of – it hammered home to me that reality was not a fixed thing. Alan Moore (2003)[2](pp19–20) Career[edit] Early career: 1978–1980[edit]

Orson Welles George Orson Welles [ d͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒ ˈɔɹsən wɛlz][1], simplement appelé Orson Welles, est un artiste américain, à la fois acteur, réalisateur, producteur et scénariste, mais également metteur en scène de théâtre, dessinateur, écrivain et illusionniste, né le 6 mai 1915 à Kenosha (Wisconsin) et mort le 10 octobre 1985 à Hollywood (Californie). Il a été parfois crédité sous les noms de O. W. Jeeves ou G. O. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code] Son père, Richard Heard Welles, est un industriel dilettante et un grand voyageur[6] ; sa mère, Béatrice Welles née Ives[7], est pianiste[8]. « Mon père était un bon vivant de l'époque édouardienne qui aimait se dire inventeur[9]. Le jeune Orson grandit dans une ambiance raffinée et cultivée avec une touche d'excentricité. Gate Theatre (1930–1933)[modifier | modifier le code] Aficionado[modifier | modifier le code] New York (1934–1938)[modifier | modifier le code] Off-Broadway[modifier | modifier le code]