Up and the Hierarchy of Needs Social Learning Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 2.2 Social Learning Theory Social learning theory provides the basis for how social norms are learned and internalized during adolescence. Although this theory was originally developed to describe criminality and deviant behavior, its propositions can also be applied to positive social learning. Akers and colleagues (Akers, 2001, 2011; Akers, Krohn, Lanza-Kaduce, & Radosevich; 1979) identified four core constructs of social learning: differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation or modeling, and definitions. Differential association refers to the direct association with groups who express certain norms, values, and attitudes. The groups with whom one is associated provide the social context in which all social learning occurs. Social behavior is also shaped by imitating or modeling others’ behavior.
Time checks for Piaget's Stages of Development Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology What is Social Learning Theory? Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, suggests that people learn by observing others. It emphasizes the importance of imitation, modeling, and reinforcement in the learning process. Individuals can acquire new behaviors not only through direct experience but also by watching others and seeing the consequences of their actions. Social learning theory is often described as the ‘bridge’ between traditional learning theory (behaviorism) and the cognitive approach. This is because it focuses on how mental (cognitive) factors are involved in learning. Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. The theory has been applied extensively in educational settings, where teachers leverage modeling to demonstrate skills and behaviors they want students to adopt. Assumptions Mediational Processes 1. 2. How well the behavior is remembered. 3. 4. 1.
Notes on Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes original footage clip Gender Identity: Definitions, Development of Gender Identity - Usual Patterns, Development of Gender Identity - Unusual Patterns Conditions Resulting From Genetic or Hormonal Influences Changes to the usual process of fetal development cause numerous differences in the resulting fetus. When levels of prenatal hormones are altered, phenotypic progression is also altered. The inherent brain bias toward one sex may be discordant with the genetic makeup of a fetus, or even with its external anatomic presentation. Chromosomal alterations Two very well-described syndromes involving sex and gender, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome, result from chromosomal abnormalities. Turner syndrome In Turner syndrome, one sex chromosome is missing, causing a single X karyotype (a solo Y chromosome is not compatible with life). A significant percentage of individuals with Turner syndrome have varying levels of mental retardation. Klinefelter syndrome A higher-than-expected percentage of individuals in the XXY cohort have been reported to have emotional disorders. Other chromosomal abnormalities Hermaphroditism
Notes on "How Racist Are You?" Gender roles and identity in children | Pregnancy Birth and Baby It’s common for people to think of the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ as being the same, but they mean different things. Someone’s sex refers to their physical biology: being male or female. A person’s gender identity, however, is a person’s sense of who they are – male, female, both or neither. Your gender identity is a deep sense of your own gender. In some cases, a person’s gender identity may be different from their biological sex. When do children become aware of their gender? Most children start showing their gender identity at around 2 to 3 years of age. However, children don’t start to think of their gender as being fixed, or ‘forever’, until they reach 6 or 7 years old. What creates gender roles? Gender roles are influenced both by our genes (a part of our biology) and our environment. However, it’s important that children know that girls can do well at games, sports and school subjects like maths, which society has typically associated with boys. Gender inequality Gender inequality
Info and time checks for Full Film Gender Roles - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 5.1.2 Effects of gender identity on behavior Gender roles also create sex differences in behavior when people adopt them as gender identities. Masculine and feminine identities guide behavior through self-regulatory processes. Just as agency and communion are typical themes of social expectations, people commonly internalize aspects of gender roles involving agency and communion (Wood & Eagly, 2009). On average, men's and women's behavior corresponds to their gender identities. Self-regulation of gender identities proceeds in stages, beginning with testing the extent to which current behavior is progressing toward gender standards (e.g., Carver & Scheier, 2008). In evidence of the role of emotions in regulation, people with stronger gender identities experienced a boost in positive affect and self-esteem when they conformed more to their gender standards (Witt & Wood, 2010; Wood et al., 1997). Figure 2.3. Adapted from Wood et al. (1997).
Tutorial: Concrete vs. Abstract Thinking WHAT ARE CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT THINKING? Abstract thinking is a level of thinking about things that is removed from the facts of the “here and now”, and from specific examples of the things or concepts being thought about. Abstract thinkers are able to reflect on events and ideas, and on attributes and relationships separate from the objects that have those attributes or share those relationships.