La curiosité n'est pas un « vilain » défaut chez les souris Dans notre quotidien, nous sommes fréquemment confrontés à des prises de décision. Quand il s'agit de choisir entre différentes options, celles-ci peuvent être sures et connues, ou bien plus incertaines. Estimer le « degré d'incertitude » associé à ces alternatives est indispensable pour prendre une décision adaptée. Cette évaluation joue sur notre motivation à tenter des actions aux conséquences incertaines, à être curieux. Elle peut aider à mieux connaître notre environnement et ainsi améliorer la réussite des actions futures. Jusqu'à présent, la manière dont l'évaluation de l'incertitude était régulée restait méconnue. Première étape : les souris étaient placées dans une arène constituée de trois zones, chacune d'elle étant corrélée à l'obtention d'une récompense. Ces résultats établissent clairement le rôle de l'acétylcholine dans la motivation induite spécifiquement par l'incertitude du résultat. © Naudé, Faure (CNRS/UPMC/Inserm) Télécharger le communiqué de presse : Notes :
Getting to the root of Latvian philosophy RIGA - In a recent poll to find 100 important Latvian personalities, Teodors Celms made a somewhat surprise showing on the list. Celms was that rarest of things in Latvia 's a professional philosopher. Although his heyday was in the 1920s and 1930s, he still remains arguably the only homegrown philosopher of any real significance. But what is his legacy, if any? Does philosophy even have a role to play in society beyond the lecture rooms of the University of Latvia's faculty of philosophy? TBT set out to investigate the state of things. Celma has been teaching esthetics and Russian philosophy at the University of Latvia for almost 40 years. The associate professor doesn't appear especially interested in discussing her grand uncle's achievements, although she frequently references him in her lectures. "Latvia doesn't have any great philosophers," Celma muses. Maija Kule, for one, believes there is. "Teodors Celms was our best philosopher," Kule explains.
The Human Brain Atlas at Michigan State University Keith D. Sudheimer, Brian M. Winn, Garrett M. Kerndt, Jay M. Shoaps, Kristina K. Davis, Archibald J. Radiology Department, Communications Technology Laboratory, and College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology A note concerning stained sections: In this atlas you can view MRI sections through a living human brain as well as corresponding sections stained for cell bodies or for nerve fibers. Introduction and methods Acknowledgments
Elon Musk: The World's Raddest Man This is Part 1 of a four-part series on Elon Musk’s companies. PDF and ebook options: We made a fancy PDF of this post for printing and offline viewing (see a preview here), and an ebook containing the whole four-part Elon Musk series: Last month, I got a surprising phone call. Elon Musk, for those unfamiliar, is the world’s raddest man. I’ll use this post to explore how he became a self-made billionaire and the real-life inspiration for Iron Man’s Tony Stark, but for the moment, I’ll let Richard Branson explain things briefly: Whatever skeptics have said can’t be done, Elon has gone out and made real. So no, that was not a phone call I had been expecting. A few days later, I found myself in pajama pants, pacing frantically around my apartment, on the phone with Elon Musk. For me, this project was one of the biggest no-brainers in history. – “electric vs hybrid vs gas cars, deal with tesla, sustainable energy” – “spacex, musk, mars?? So it was on. Zeus would have been less stressful. Mm hm.
Philosophy in the Soviet Union From the beginning of Bolshevik regime, the aim of official Soviet philosophy (which was taught as an obligatory subject for every course[source?]), was the theoretical justification of Communist ideas. For this reason, "Sovietologists", among whom the most famous were Józef Maria Bocheński, professor of philosophy at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Gustav Wetter, have often claimed Soviet philosophy was close to nothing but dogma. However, since the 1917 October Revolution, it was marked by both philosophical and political struggles, which call into question any monolithic reading. Evald Vasilevich Ilyenkov was one of the main philosophers of the 1960s, who revisited the 1920s debate between "mechanicists" and "dialecticians" in Leninist Dialectics and Metaphysics of Positivism (1979). Philosophical and political struggles in the Soviet Union[edit] Otherwise, David Riazanov was named director of the Marx-Engels Institute, which he had founded, in 1920.
Secrets From The Brains Of 13 Creative Geniuses In 1963, Nancy Andreasen was the first female tenure-tracked English professor at the University of Iowa. Soon after, her first book about the poet John Donne was accepted by a publisher. Her career was off to a smashing start, but she had a nagging feeling. "Who would this book help?" Within a month, she enrolled in the medical school at the University of Iowa. In her latest study, which she recently wrote about for the Atlantic, Andreasen scanned the brains of 13 of the most famous scientists, mathematicians, artists, and writers alive today. The study was challenging given how hard it is to pin down the creative process. Andreasen had to find a way to study these creative minds at work. In her findings she has distilled some key patterns in the minds of creative geniuses. Creative people like to teach themselves rather than be taught by others. Think of all the creative geniuses who were high school drop-outs—Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg.
Criminology word list - Vocabulary List Facing Chaos? Focus on What You CAN Control | Daniel Goleman Varying Theories on Crime | Regis University Many theories have been developed to explain criminal behavior. While some theories are not as common, others have evolved and are used in many criminal studies today. Modern criminologists combine the most germane aspects of sociology, psychology, anthropology, and biological theories to advance their understanding of criminal behavior. Criminal Behavior Theories Professionals in this field study the factors that contribute to criminal activities, make relevant policy recommendations and draw conclusions based on those assessments. Historical Philosophies Though crime studies have advanced beyond its field-specific foundations, the core ideas of these early philosophies are still applied to current theories. Current Theories Current theories retain the essence of their roots while expanding beyond antiquated or limiting concepts. Rational Choice Theory, founded in Classical Theory, cites three “actors” (rational, predestined, and victimized) as the models for criminal behavior.
Les secrets du cerveau pour maintenir l'attention de votre public Je vais partager avec vous une méthode que j’ai découverte en lisant le livre de John Medina, les 12 lois du cerveau. Une idée m’a particulièrement marqué en lisant le livre et qui est en lien direct avec les présentations : Il s’agit de la règle des 10 minutes. C’est une règle qui est très simple à comprendre : Au bout de 10 minutes, l’attention du public diminue. John Medina l’a constaté lors de ses interventions à l’université et cela est corroboré par d’autres études. Même si on ne sait pas aujourd’hui expliquer ce qui se passe précisément dans le cerveau au bout de ses 10 minutes, il est fondamental de voir comment contourner ce problème et comment faire en sorte de maintenir l’attention de votre public. Pour répondre à cette question, nous allons nous pencher sur 3 points : Attention et influence Alors voici schématiquement comment fonctionne l’attention. Tout d’abord, la mémoire : Ce à quoi nous portons attention est profondément influencé par notre mémoire. La signification
Criminology Theories - Criminal Justice - IResearchNet V. Critiques of Integrated Theories Although integrated theories have been important in providing an arguably more complex, yet complete, understanding of the causes of delinquency and crime over the life course, they are not without their limitations. To place these limitations into context one needs only draw on the literature documenting the characteristics of a “good” or “effective” theory. This section identifies and elaborates on some of the criticisms waged against integrated theories. First, some scholars have claimed that some of the components of theories used in theoretical integration are based on opposing or competing assumptions. Second, the rise in theoretical integration is based on somewhat questionable assumptions. Third, and related, theoretical integration, if not carried out carefully and thoughtfully, could potentially lead to sloppy theorizing. VI. This research paper has not explored all of the sources or types of theoretical integration. Bibliography:
Le cerveau réparé - L'actu de l'Institut Pasteur En 2010, l’unité Perception et mémoire mettait au point une technique originale pour stimuler sélectivement les néo-neurones. Basée sur l’activation par la lumière des néo-neurones rendus sensibles aux photons, cette équipe a montré qu’ils s’intégraient bien dans les circuits nerveux préexistants, y établissant des connexions (synapses) fonctionnelles dont le nombre augmente durant plusieurs mois. « L’optogénétique permet d’étudier la communication entre neurones et donc de comprendre le fonctionnement des neurones et des réseaux neuronaux, explique Gabriel Lepousez, neurobiologiste, spécialiste de la perception sensorielle et de la plasticité du cerveau à l’Institut Pasteur. Avec cette technique, nous pouvons stimuler sélectivement un type cellulaire sans perturber les cellules voisines "silencieuses". Il devient dès lors possible de comprendre le rôle d’un neurone particulier, avec quel autre neurone il communique, à quoi il sert… »
Dialectic Discourse method for resolving disagreement by reasoned argument Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue; German: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may thus be contrasted with both the eristic, which refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument (rather than searching for truth), and the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Within Hegelianism, the word dialectic has the specialised meaning of a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining factor in their relationship. Western dialectical forms[edit] Classical philosophy[edit] Socratic method[edit] Plato[edit]