Cognitive behavioral therapy

The Concept of Anxiety 1844 philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard All of Kierkegaard's books have either a preface, dedication, or prayer at the beginning. This book includes a lengthy introduction. The Concept of Anxiety was published on exactly the same date as Prefaces, June 17, 1844. Both books deal with Hegel's idea of mediation. Mediation is a common thread throughout Kierkegaard's works. For Kierkegaard, anxiety/dread/angst is "freedom's actuality as the possibility of possibility." Kierkegaard focuses on the first anxiety experienced by man: Adam's choice to eat from God's forbidden tree of knowledge or not. However, Kierkegaard mentions that anxiety is a way for humanity to be saved as well. Progress[edit] In 1793, forty-one years before Kierkegaard wrote The Concept of Anxiety, Immanuel Kant wrote his book Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone; his book elevated reason in the realm of Christianity.[6] Many continental philosophers wrote their books in relation to Kant's ideas. Anxiety[edit]

Body-focused repetitive behavior Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for impulse control[1] behaviors involving compulsively damaging one's physical appearance or causing physical injury.[2] The main BFRB disorders are:[3] Trichotillomania, compulsive hair pullingOnychophagia, compulsive nail bitingDermatillomania, compulsive skin pickingTrichotemnomania, compulsive hair cutting BFRB disorders can also include Dermatophagia (compulsive skin biting), biting the insides of the cheeks, lip picking, blemish squeezing, and Rhinotillexomania (compulsive nose picking).[2] BFRB disorders are not generally considered obsessive-compulsive disorders.[3] Causes[edit] The cause of BFRBs is unknown. Onset[edit] BFRBs most often begin in late childhood or in the early teens.[2] Prevalence[edit] Treatment[edit] Treatment can include behavior modification therapy, medication, and family therapy.[1][2] See also[edit] References[edit] Notes

Achieve - Hipster (1940s subculture) Bing Crosby in 1942 In 1939, the word hepster was used by Cab Calloway in the title of his Hepster's Dictionary, which defines hep cat as "a guy who knows all the answers, understands jive". In 1944, pianist Harry Gibson modified this to hipster[2] in his short glossary "For Characters Who Don't Dig Jive Talk," published in 1944 with the album Boogie Woogie In Blue, featuring the self-titled hit "Handsome Harry the Hipster".[3] The entry for hipsters defined them as "characters who like hot jazz." In his book Jazz: A History (1977), Frank Tirro defines the 1940s hipster: To the hipster, Bird was a living justification of their philosophy. The hipster is an underground man. Marty Jezer, in The Dark Ages: Life in the United States 1945–1960 (1999), provides another definition: In Lennie Tristano's view, the hipsters' relation to bebop was anything but positive: "the supercilious attitude and lack of originality of the young hipsters constitute no less a menace to the existence of bebop

Alexithymia Alexithymia /ˌeɪlɛksəˈθaɪmiə/ is a personality construct characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions in the self.[1] The core characteristics of alexithymia are marked dysfunction in emotional awareness, social attachment, and interpersonal relating.[2] Furthermore, people with alexithymia have difficulty in distinguishing and appreciating the emotions of others, which is thought to lead to unempathic and ineffective emotional responding.[2] Alexithymia occurs in approximately 10% of the population and can occur with a number of psychiatric conditions.[3] The term alexithymia was coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973.[4][5] The word comes from Greek α (a, "no", the negating alpha privative), λέξις (léxis, "word"), and θυμός (thymos, "emotions", but understood by Sifneos as having the meaning "mood"),[6] literally meaning "no words for mood". Classification[edit] Alexithymia is defined by:[10] Psychologist R. Description[edit] Causes[edit]

Behavior modification Description[edit] The first use of the term behavior modification appears to have been by Edward Thorndike in 1911. His article Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning makes frequent use of the term "modifying behavior".[1] Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by Joseph Wolpe's research group.[2] The experimental tradition in clinical psychology[3] used it to refer to psycho-therapeutic techniques derived from empirical research. It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behavior through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behavior through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former). Martin and Pear indicate that there are seven characteristics to behavior modification,[4] They are: Some areas of effectiveness[edit] In addition to the above, a growing list of research-based interventions from the behavioral paradigm exist. Behavior modification in job performance[edit] Criticism[edit] See also[edit]

Achieve - Happiness Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.[1] A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including positive psychology, are employing the scientific method to research questions about what "happiness" is, and how it might be attained. The United Nations declared 20 March the International Day of Happiness to recognise the relevance of happiness and wellbeing as universal goals. Definition Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean many different things to many people. Research results Meditation has been found to lead to high activity in the brain's left prefrontal cortex, which in turn has been found to correlate with happiness.[11] Buddhism

Ernest Becker American cultural anthropologist, author (1924–1974) Ernest Becker (September 27, 1924 – March 6, 1974) was an American cultural anthropologist and author of the 1974 Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Denial of Death. Biography[edit] Early life[edit] In his early 30s, he returned to Syracuse University to pursue graduate studies in cultural anthropology, and would complete his PhD in 1960. Professional career[edit] After graduating from Syracuse University in 1960, Becker began "the short 14-year period of his professional career" as a professor and writer.[2] Initially, he taught anthropology in the Department of Psychiatry at the Upstate Medical College in Syracuse, New York, but was summarily fired, along with other non-tenured professors, for supporting tenured Professor Thomas Szasz in a dispute with the administration over academic freedom. In 1965, Becker acquired a lecturer position at the University of California, Berkeley in the anthropology program. Death[edit] Works[edit]

Body dysmorphic disorder Body dysmorphic disorder (also known as BDD, body dysmorphia, dysmorphic syndrome, or dysmorphophobia), is a disorder that involves belief that one's own appearance is unusually defective and is worthy of being hidden or fixed.[1] This belief manifests in thoughts that many times are pervasive and intrusive. Besides the main version of BDD, the DSM-I also describes a delusional version of the disorder which can involve delusions of reference, whereby one believes, for instance, that passersby are pointing at the flaw.[1][2] §Symptoms[edit] §Diagnosis[edit] §Treatment[edit] Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is thought to be an effective treatment for BDD.[13][14] A meta-analysis found CBT more effective than medication after 16 weeks of treatment.[15] CBT may improve connections between the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala.[16] §History[edit] §Research[edit] §See also[edit] §References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cororve, Michelle; Gleaves, David (August 2001).