World War II

World War I World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by trench warfare, a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Prelude

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражданская война́ в Росси́и Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiy) (November 1917 – October 1922)[1] was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army, the loosely allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies.[4] The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in the Crimea and were evacuated in the autumn of 1920. Background[edit] February Revolution[edit] After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917. Creation of the Red Army[edit] Anti-Bolshevik movement[edit] Geography and chronology[edit] Bolshevik control, February 1918 Bolshevik control, Summer of 1918 Warfare[edit]

Marshall Plan American initiative for foreign aid to Western Europe following World War II The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred $13.3 billion (equivalent to $173.8 billion in 2024) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II in Europe. Replacing an earlier proposal for a Morgenthau Plan, it operated for four years beginning on April 3, 1948, though in 1951, the Marshall Plan was largely replaced by the Mutual Security Act. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan proposed the reduction of interstate barriers and the economic integration of the European Continent while also encouraging an increase in productivity as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.

Espionage wiki Espionage or spying involves a government or individual obtaining information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.[1] Espionage is inherently clandestine, as it is taken for granted that it is unwelcome and, in many cases illegal and punishable by law. It is a subset of intelligence gathering, which otherwise may be conducted from public sources and using perfectly legal and ethical means. It is crucial to distinguish espionage from intelligence gathering, as the latter does not necessarily involve espionage, but often collates open-source information. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. One of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy (or potential enemy) is by infiltrating the enemy's ranks. History[edit] Different intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others. Targets of espionage[edit] Organization[edit]

World War II for Kids: Causes of WW2 History >> World War 2 for Kids Go here to watch a video about the Causes of World War II. There were many events throughout the world that led to the beginning of World War 2. In many ways, World War 2 was a direct result of the turmoil left behind by World War 1. Below are some of the main causes of World War 2. Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers. The problem with the treaty is that it left the German economy in ruins. Japanese Expansion In the period before World War II, Japan was growing rapidly. Fascism With the economic turmoil left behind by World War 1, some countries were taken over by dictators who formed powerful fascist governments. Hitler and the Nazi Party In Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power. Hitler resented the restrictions put on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Appeasement After World War 1, the nations of Europe were weary and did not want another war. Great Depression Works Cited

Rationing Di Natale ration stamps printed, but not used, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration, one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. In economics[edit] In economics, rationing is an artificial restriction of demand. It is done to keep price below the equilibrium (market-clearing) price determined by the process of supply and demand in an unfettered market. Romanian ration card, 1989 A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing. Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market. Health care rationing[edit] Credit rationing[edit] Military rationing[edit] Civilian rationing[edit]

Civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state or republic,[1] or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state.[2] The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.[1] The term is a calque of the Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half year average of the 1900-1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. Formal classification (4) (a) That the insurgents have an organization purporting to have the characteristics of a State. Causes of civil war in the Collier–Hoeffler Model Grievance

University of Cambridge Public collegiate university in Cambridge, England The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the world's third-oldest university in continuous operation. The University of Cambridge includes 31 semi-autonomous constituent colleges and over 150 academic departments, faculties, and other institutions organised into six schools. The university operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum and Cambridge University Botanic Garden. History[edit] Founding[edit] Prior to the founding of the University of Cambridge in 1209, Cambridge and the area surrounding it already had developed a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation due largely to the intellectual reputation and academic contributions of monks from the nearby bishopric church in Ely. Foundation of the colleges[edit] Mathematics and mathematical physics[edit] Modern period[edit] Women's education[edit]

LEGO lotr Coming fall 2012 Based on The Lord of the Rings motion picture trilogy, LEGO® The Lord of the Rings follows the original storylines of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, taking players through the epic story events reimagined with the humor and endless variety of LEGO play. Trusted with the dangerous task to destroy an ancient magical ring that threatens all that is good, Frodo is forced to leave his peaceful home. To help Frodo, a Fellowship is formed — Aragorn the Ranger, Gandalf the Wizard, Legolas the Elf, Gimli the Dwarf, Boromir a Man of Gondor, and Frodo’s Hobbit friends Sam, Merry and Pippin. LEGO® The Lord of the Rings complements the brand new, recently released LEGO® The Lord of the Rings toy collection, available summer 2012. Wield the power of the Palantír or Seeing-stone (‘one that looks far-away’), and jump between multiple storylines.

Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools The causes of the Second World War are neither singular or straightforward. This section will explore the primary causes which led to the outbreak of war in 1939. Germany’s foreign policy Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was not the sole cause of the Second World War, but it was a large contributing factor. From 1935 onwards, Germany had actively pursued an aggressive foreign policy: reintroducing conscription, creating the Luftwaffe, planning for war as detailed in the Hossbach Memorandum of 1937, and occupying Austria, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia before eventually invading Poland in 1939. By breaking international agreements set out in the Treaty of Versailles and pursuing aggressive expansionism, Germany’s actions made a major European war more likely. The aftermath of the First World War Following the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles was agreed. The Treaty of Versailles also reduced the size of Germany. Creation of the Axis Powers