Amanita muscaria Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a mushroom and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Although it is generally considered poisonous, reports of human deaths resulting from eating the mushroom are extremely rare. Taxonomy and naming[edit] The name of the mushroom in many European languages is thought to be derived from its use as an insecticide when sprinkled in milk. Buttons Classification[edit] Amanita muscaria var. formosa sensu Thiers, southern Oregon Coast Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology, and many authorities recognise several subspecies or varieties within the species.
Thiamine Chemical compound Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient for humans and animals.[3][4] It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication.[1][5] Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids.[1] Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish.[1][6] Grain processing removes much of the vitamin content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.[1] Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and the disorders that result from it such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy. They are also used to treat maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome. Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Definition[edit] The chemical structure consists of an aminopyrimidine and a thiazolium ring linked by a methylene bridge.
The Basics of Organic Chemistry When you explore biology, you’ll find that many processes are constantly occurring in living organisms. The study of organic chemistry — which focuses on carbon molecules — is central to all living organisms. The ability to convert ingested fuel to usable energy is what differentiates a living organism from a dead one. What is organic chemistry? In organic chemistry, the focus is on the element carbon. One atom of carbon can combine with up to four other atoms. Carbon is key In their outer shells, carbon atoms have four electrons that can bond with other atoms. Long carbon chains = low reactivity Large molecules form when carbon atoms are joined together in a straight line or in rings. One key to knowing that a compound is less reactive is that its melting and boiling points are high. On the other hand, a compound made of an extremely long carbon chain has a boiling point of 174°C (compared to water, which has a boiling point of 100°C). Forming functional groups based on properties anemia
Ergoline Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids. Ergoline derivatives are used clinically for the purpose of vasoconstriction (5-HT1 receptor agonists—ergotamine) and in the treatment of migraines (used with caffeine) and Parkinson's disease. Some ergoline alkaloids found in ergot fungi are implicated in the condition ergotism, which causes convulsive and gangrenous symptoms. Others include psychedelic drugs (e.g., LSD and some alkaloids in Ipomoea tricolor and related species[citation needed]). Uses[edit] In addition to the naturally occurring ergonovine (used as an oxytocic) and ergotamine (a vasoconstrictor used to control migraine), synthetic derivatives of importance are the oxytocic methergine, the anti-migraine drugs dihydroergotamine and methysergide, hydergine (a mixture of dihydroergotoxine mesylates, INN: ergoline mesylates), and bromocriptine, used for numerous purposes including treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Exercise Bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.[1] It is performed for various reasons, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, improve health,[2] or simply for enjoyment. Many individuals choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve well-being as well as mental health.[3][4] In terms of health benefits, the amount of recommended exercise depends upon the goal, the type of exercise, and the age of the person. Even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none.[5] Classification An aerobics exercise instructor instructs her class to keep up the pace in the United States. Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:[6]
Fat Examples of edible animal fats are lard, fish oil, butter/ghee and whale blubber. They are obtained from fats in the milk and meat, as well as from under the skin, of an animal. Examples of edible plant fats include peanut, soya bean, sunflower, sesame, coconut and olive oils, and cocoa butter. These examples of fats can be categorized into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Chemical structure Example of a natural triglyceride with three different fatty acids. There are many different kinds of fats, but each is a variation on the same chemical structure. The properties of any specific fat molecule depend on the particular fatty acids that constitute it. Saturated and unsaturated fats A fat's constituent fatty acids may also differ in the C/H ratio. Saturated and unsaturated fats differ in their energy content and melting point. Trans fats Importance for living organisms Fat also serves as a useful buffer towards a host of diseases. Adipose tissue See also References
Mescaline Mescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin. It shares strong structural similarities with the catecholamine dopamine. It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii),[1] the San Pedro cactus[2] (Echinopsis pachanoi) and in the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana), and as well in a number of other members of the Cactaceae plant family. It is also found in small amounts in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, including Acacia berlandieri.[3] Naturally derived mescaline powder extract. History and usage[edit] Peyote has been used for at least 5700 years by Native Americans in Mexico.[4] Europeans noted use of peyote in Native American religious ceremonies upon early contact, notably by the Huichols in Mexico. Potential medical usage[edit] Notable users[edit] Biosynthesis of mescaline[edit] Synthetic Mescaline[edit]
Life extension The sale of putative anti-aging products such as nutrition, physical fitness, skin care, hormone replacements, vitamins, supplements and herbs is a lucrative global industry, with the US market generating about $50 billion of revenue each year.[2] Some medical experts state that the use of such products has not been proven to affect the aging process, and many claims of anti-aging medicine advocates have been roundly criticized by medical experts, including the American Medical Association.[2][3][4][5][6] Public opinion[edit] Life extension is a controversial topic due to fear of overpopulation and possible effects on society.[10] Religious people are no more likely to oppose life extension than the unaffiliated,[11] though some variation exists between religious denominations. A Spring 2013 Pew Research poll in the United States found that 38% of Americans would want life extension treatments, and 56% would reject it. Average and maximum lifespans[edit] Diets and supplements[edit]
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats and Trans Fat It has long been recognized that saturated fats tend to increase the blood level of the "bad" LDL cholesterol. Monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated fats (two or more double bonds) found primarily in vegetable oils tend to lower "bad" LDL cholesterol. An elevated LDL-C increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Introduction Back in the 1950s, it was recognized that vegetable oils could be substituted for animal fats such as in butter, by making a product we know as margarine. But how do you make an oil into a solid? Hydrogenation Reaction Unsaturated fatty acids may be converted to saturated fatty acids by the relatively simple hydrogenation reaction. alkene plus hydrogen yields an alkane Margarine Vegetable oils are commonly referred to as "polyunsaturated". Figure 1: Hydrogenation of a oleic fatty acid Trans Fat Trans fat has both the benefits and drawbacks of a saturated fat. Problems Contributors
Tabernanthe iboga Tabernanthe iboga or simply iboga is a perennial rainforest shrub and psychedelic, native to western Central Africa. Iboga stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces visions in larger doses. In parts of Africa where the plant grows the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes. Normally growing to a height of 2 m, T. iboga may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10 m tall, given the right conditions. Traditional use[edit] Bark of Tabernanthe iboga. The Iboga tree is the central pillar of the Bwiti spiritual practice in West-Central Africa, mainly Gabon, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo, which uses the alkaloid-containing roots of the plant in a number of ceremonies. In lower doses Iboga has a stimulant effect and is used to maintain alertness while hunting.[1][2] Addiction treatment[edit] Legal status[edit] Exportation of iboga from Gabon is illegal since the passage of a 1994 cultural protection law.[5]
Wikileaks Cables Confirm Existence of Extraterrestrial Life We're creating viewer supported news. Become a member! We’re already halfway through 2013 and the world continues to wake up to the fact that we are not alone in the universe. Just this year, we’ve seen a tremendous step forward regarding UFO disclosure. For more CE articles on the subject of UFOs and extraterrestrials, click HERE. Prior to the recent hearing on UFOs and extraterrestrial life, we’ve had explosive statements made by NASA astronauts and professors. It’s now a fact that UFOs are tracked on radar, performing maneuvers that defy our current understanding of physics. “Behind the scenes, high-ranking Air Force officers are soberly concerned about UFOs. — Former CIA Director Roscoe Hillenkoetter, 1960 The UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon is extremely top secret; access to this type of documentation and the deeper truth behind it is almost impossible. And another: “I have said in passing there is information about UFOs in Cablegate. – Julian Assange We are living in a unique time.
MARGARINE FROM OIL British Instructional Films presentation. A lorry pulling a tubular tank pulls into a depot. Written on the side of the tank is: "Towers Creameries - Mitcham." Interior of the depot - large metal containers. The oils are weighed. more A lorry pulling a tubular tank pulls into a depot. We see the mixture being stirred. Produced with the Co-operation of the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. less Dimethyltryptamine History[edit] Another historical milestone is the discovery of DMT in plants frequently used by Amazonian natives as additive to the vine Banisteriopsis caapi to make ayahuasca decoctions. Biosynthesis[edit] Biosynthetic pathway for N,N-dimethyltryptamine This transmethylation mechanism has been repeatedly and consistently proven by radiolabeling of SAM methyl group with carbon-14 (14C-CH3)SAM).[22][20][24][25][26] Evidence in mammals[edit] In 2013, researchers first reported DMT in the pineal gland microdialysate of rodents.[28] A study published in 2014 reported the biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-147 including details on its metabolism by peroxidases. [29] In a 2014 paper, a group first demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT through the Sigma-1_receptor of human immune cells. INMT[edit] Endogenous DMT[edit] The first claimed detection of mammalian endogenous DMT was published in June 1965: German researchers F.
Metabolism Set of chemical reactions in organisms Metabolism (, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous.