Quantum spacetime In mathematical physics, the concept of quantum spacetime is a generalization of the usual concept of spacetime in which some variables that ordinarily commute are assumed not to commute and form a different Lie algebra. The choice of that algebra still varies from theory to theory. As a result of this change some variables that are usually continuous may become discrete. Often only such discrete variables are called "quantized"; usage varies. Physical reasons have been given to believe that physical spacetime is a quantum spacetime. are already noncommutative, obey the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and are continuous. Again, physical spacetime is expected to be quantum because physical coordinates are already slightly noncommutative. Both arguments are based on pure gravity and quantum theory, and they limit the measurement of time by the only time constant in pure quantum gravity, the Planck time. The Lie algebra should be semisimple (Yang, I. Bicrossproduct model spacetime[edit]
Coulomb's law Value of the constant[edit] The exact value of Coulomb's constant ke comes from three of the fundamental, invariant quantities that define free space in the SI system: the speed of light c0 , magnetic permeability μ0 , and electric permittivity ε0 , related by Maxwell as: Use of Coulomb's constant[edit] Coulomb's constant is used in many electric equations, although it is sometimes expressed as the following product of the vacuum permittivity constant: Some examples of use of Coulomb's constant are the following: Coulomb's law: Electric potential energy: Electric field: See also[edit] References[edit] Uncertainty reigns over Heisenberg's measurement analogy A row has broken out among physicists over an analogy used by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 to make sense of his famous uncertainty principle. The analogy was largely forgotten as quantum theory became more sophisticated but has enjoyed a revival over the past decade. While several recent experiments suggest that the analogy is flawed, a team of physicists in the UK, Finland and Germany is now arguing that these experiments are not faithful to Heisenberg's original formulation. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that we cannot measure certain pairs of variables for a quantum object – position and momentum, say – both with arbitrary accuracy. When Heisenberg proposed the principle in 1927, he offered a simple physical picture to help it make intuitive sense. Not necessarily wrong Then in 1988 Masanao Ozawa at Nagoya University in Japan argued that Heisenberg's original relationship between error and disturbance does not represent a fundamental limit of uncertainty. Truer to Heisenberg?
Gravitational constant The gravitational constant, approximately 6.67×10−11 N·(m/kg)2 and denoted by letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation(s) of gravitational force between two bodies. It usually appears in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation, and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, Newton's constant, and colloquially as Big G.[1] It should not be confused with "little g" (g), which is the local gravitational field (equivalent to the free-fall acceleration[2]), especially that at the Earth's surface. Laws and constants[edit] According to the law of universal gravitation, the attractive force (F) between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses (m1 and m2), and inversely proportional to the square of the distance, r, (inverse-square law) between them: The constant of proportionality, G, is the gravitational constant. with relative standard uncertainty 1.2×10−4.[4] . and
Quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently – instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole. Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen,[1] describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox, and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter.[2][3] Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality (Einstein referred to it as "spooky action at a distance"),[4] and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete. History[edit] However, they did not coin the word entanglement, nor did they generalize the special properties of the state they considered. Concept[edit] Meaning of entanglement[edit] Apparent paradox[edit] The hidden variables theory[edit]
Boltzmann constant The Boltzmann constant (kB or k), named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA: It has the same dimension (energy divided by temperature) as entropy. The accepted value in SI units is 1.3806488(13)×10−23 J/K. Bridge from macroscopic to microscopic physics[edit] where R is the gas constant (8.314 4621(75) J K−1 mol−1[1]). The left-hand side of the equation is a macroscopic amount of pressure-volume energy representing the state of the bulk gas. Role in the equipartition of energy[edit] Given a thermodynamic system at an absolute temperature T, the thermal energy carried by each microscopic "degree of freedom" in the system is on the order of magnitude of kBT/2 (i. e., about 2.07×10−21 J, or 0.013 eV, at room temperature). Application to simple gas thermodynamics[edit] Kinetic theory gives the average pressure p for an ideal gas as gives History[edit]
Efimov state The Efimov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of Few-body systems predicted by the Russian theoretical physicist V. N. Efimov[1][2] in 1970. Efimov’s effect refers to a scenario in which three identical bosons interact, with the prediction of an infinite series of excited three-body energy levels when a two-body state is exactly at the dissociation threshold. The unusual Efimov state has an infinite number of similar states. In 2005, for the first time the research group of Rudolf Grimm and Hanns-Christoph Nägerl from the Institute for Experimental Physics (University of Innsbruck, Austria) experimentally confirmed such a state in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms. The interest in the "universal phenomena" of cold atomic gases is still growing, especially because of the long awaited experimental results.[8][9] The discipline of universality in cold atomic gases nearby the Efimov states are sometimes commonly referred to as "Efimov physics". References[edit] Jump up ^ В.И.
Planck units Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, these units are also known as natural units because the origin of their definition comes only from properties of the fundamental physical theories and not from interchangeable experimental parameters. Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems, but are considered unique in that these units are not based on properties of any prototype object or particle (that would be arbitrarily chosen), but rather on properties of free space alone. The universal constants that Planck units, by definition, normalize to 1 are: the gravitational constant, G,the reduced Planck constant, ħ,the speed of light in a vacuum, c,the Coulomb constant, (4πε0)−1 (sometimes ke or k), andthe Boltzmann constant, kB (sometimes k). Planck units are sometimes called "God's units",[1][2] since Planck units are free of anthropocentric arbitrariness. Natural units help physicists to reframe questions. Base units[edit] can be expressed as
Amplituhedron An amplituhedron is a geometric structure that enables simplified calculation of particle interactions in some quantum field theories. In planar N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, an amplituhedron is defined as a mathematical space known as the positive Grassmannian. The connection between the amplituhedron and scattering amplitudes is at present a conjecture that has passed many non-trivial checks, including an understanding of how locality and unitarity arise as consequences of positivity. Research has been led by Nima Arkani-Hamed. Description[edit] In the approach, the on-shell scattering process "tree" is described by a positive Grassmannian, a structure in algebraic geometry analogous to a convex polytope, that generalizes the idea of a simplex in projective space.[2] A polytope is a kind of higher dimensional polyhedron, and the values being calculated are scattering amplitudes, and so the object is called an amplituhedron.[5] Implications[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Higgs boson: Excitement builds over 'glimpses' at LHC 13 December 2011Last updated at 04:19 ET By Paul Rincon Science editor, BBC News Website, Geneva The Higgs, so far, exists definitively only in simulations Anticipation is building in the run-up to presentations of the best-yet evidence for - or against - the existence of the Higgs boson. The famed particle is a missing link in current theories of physics, used to explain how things gains their mass. Rumours have been swirling about the findings for weeks, ahead of the announcement on Tuesday afternoon. It is likely to yield only tantalising hints, as the teams do not have enough data to claim a formal discovery. However, most physicists concede that not finding the Higgs boson is as exciting a prospect as finding it in the place where existing theory predicts it should be. "If we wouldn't find it it would be even - in a way - more exciting, but you know, both ways, it's a win-win situation," said Prof Stefan Soldner-Rembold, a particle physicist from the University of Manchester. Field day
Fluid Experiments Support Deterministic “Pilot-Wave” Quantum Theory For nearly a century, “reality” has been a murky concept. The laws of quantum physics seem to suggest that particles spend much of their time in a ghostly state, lacking even basic properties such as a definite location and instead existing everywhere and nowhere at once. Only when a particle is measured does it suddenly materialize, appearing to pick its position as if by a roll of the dice. This idea that nature is inherently probabilistic — that particles have no hard properties, only likelihoods, until they are observed — is directly implied by the standard equations of quantum mechanics. But now a set of surprising experiments with fluids has revived old skepticism about that worldview. The bizarre results are fueling interest in an almost forgotten version of quantum mechanics, one that never gave up the idea of a single, concrete reality. The experiments involve an oil droplet that bounces along the surface of a liquid. Magical Measurements Bottom: Akira Tonomura/Creative Commons
L’existence du boson de Higgs sera-t-elle confirmée en 2012 ? Grâce à l’énorme quantité de données accumulées par le LHC, les scientifiques ont d’ores et déjà réussi à circonscrire l’espace dans lequel se cache le boson de Higgs. Le boson de Higgs est la pièce maîtresse du "Modèle standard de la physique des particules", qui a été inventé dans les années soixante. Le rêve de la communauté scientifique : que ces expériences permettent de confirmer ou d’infirmer l’existence du fameux boson, encore jamais détecté à ce jour. Genève, le 31 octobre 2011. Au début de la campagne d’exploitation de cette année, le LHC avait pour objectif de livrer aux expériences courant 2011 un femtobarn inverse (1 fb-1) de données, dans le langage des physiciens. L’exploitation avec protons de cette année permet de mieux circonscrire l’espace dans lequel se cache le boson de Higgs afin d’en confirmer ou infirmer l’existence. Le boson de Higgs, à la rescousse du modèle standard Car depuis qu’il a été imaginé, en 1964, personne ne l’a vu, ce fameux boson. Pour rebondir :
Personal and Historical Perspectives of Hans Bethe