Non-Euclidean geometry

R'lyeh The location of R'Lyeh given by Lovecraft was 47°9′S 126°43′W in the southern Pacific Ocean. August Derleth placed it at 49°51′S 128°34′W. Both locations are close to the Pacific pole of inaccessibility or "Nemo" point, 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W, a point in the ocean farthest from any land mass. The nightmare corpse-city of R'lyeh…was built in measureless eons behind history by the vast, loathsome shapes that seeped down from the dark stars. There lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults. R'lyeh is characterized by bizarre architecture likened to non-Euclidean geometry. Lovecraft claims R'lyeh is located at WikiMiniAtlas 47°9′S 126°43′W / 47.150°S 126.717°W / -47.150; -126.717 (R'lyeh fictional location (Lovecraft))Coordinates: 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933 (Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility)), a point in the ocean farthest from any land mass. See also[edit] Bloop Notes[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c H. References[edit] External links[edit]

Cruising the Mississippi River The USACE (Army Corp of Engineers) has divided the Mississippi River into two halves. The Upper Mississippi is one half, and the Lower Mississippi is the other. Cairo is the dividing point. The Mississippi River's mouth is located 95 miles south of New Orleans at the Gulf of Mexico. Cairo, Illinois, is at Mile Maker 954 on the Lower Mississippi. For Great Loopers, the Mississippi starts at Grafton, IL where the Illinois River joins the Upper Mississippi at Mile 219.

Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ɡaʊs/; German: Gauß, pronounced [ɡaʊs]; Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum[1] (Latin, "the Prince of Mathematicians" or "the foremost of mathematicians") and "greatest mathematician since antiquity," Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians.[2] Early years[edit] Gauss was a child prodigy. The year 1796 was most productive for both Gauss and number theory. Middle years[edit] Gauss, who was 24 at the time, heard about the problem and tackled it. One such method was the fast Fourier transform. Later years and death[edit] Religious views[edit]

Finsler manifold Generalization of Riemannian manifolds In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold M where a (possibly asymmetric) Minkowski norm F(x, −) is provided on each tangent space TxM, that enables one to define the length of any smooth curve γ : [a, b] → M as Finsler manifolds are more general than Riemannian manifolds since the tangent norms need not be induced by inner products. Every Finsler manifold becomes an intrinsic quasimetric space when the distance between two points is defined as the infimum length of the curves that join them. Élie Cartan (1933) named Finsler manifolds after Paul Finsler, who studied this geometry in his dissertation (Finsler 1918). A Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold M together with a Finsler metric, which is a continuous nonnegative function F: TM → [0, +∞) defined on the tangent bundle so that for each point x of M, In other words, F(x, −) is an asymmetric norm on each tangent space TxM. Let where

Omar Khayyam Persian polymath (1048–1131) Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī[3][4] (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (Persian: عمر خیّام),[a] was a polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and Persian poetry.[5] He was born in Nishapur, the initial capital of the Seljuk Empire. As a scholar, he was contemporary with the rule of the Seljuk dynasty around the time of the First Crusade. Life[edit] Khayyam's boyhood was spent in Nishapur,[9]: 659 a leading metropolis under the Great Seljuq Empire,[18]: 15 [19] and it had been a major center of the Zoroastrian religion.[10]: 68 His full name, as it appears in the Arabic sources, was Abu’l Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam.[20] His gifts were recognized by his early tutors who sent him to study under Imam Muwaffaq Nishaburi, the greatest teacher of the Khorasan region who tutored the children of the highest nobility. Mathematics[edit] Theory of parallels[edit] Omar Khayyam[38]

Hastur Hastur (The Unspeakable One, Him Who Is Not to be Named, Assatur, Xastur, H'aaztre, or Kaiwan) is an entity of the Cthulhu Mythos. Hastur first appeared in Ambrose Bierce's short story "Haïta the Shepherd" (1893) as a benign god of shepherds. Hastur is briefly mentioned in H.P. Lovecraft's The Whisperer in Darkness; previously, Robert W. In Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman's book Good Omens Hastur appears as a fallen angel and duke of hell. Hastur in the mythos[edit] In Bierce's "Haïta the Shepherd", which appeared in the collection Can Such Things Be? H. It is unclear from this quote if Lovecraft's Hastur is a person, a place, an object (such as the Yellow Sign), or a deity (this ambiguity is recurrent in Lovecraft's descriptions of the mythic entities). In "Supernatural Horror In Literature" (written 1926–27, revised 1933, published in The Recluse in 1927), when telling about "The Yellow Sign" by Chambers, H. In Chambers' "The Yellow Sign" the only mentioning of Hastur is: See also[edit]

I, Libertine I, Libertine was a literary hoax novel that began as a practical joke by late-night radio raconteur Jean Shepherd. Creation of the hoax[edit] Shepherd was highly annoyed at the way that the bestseller lists were being compiled in the mid-1950s. Publication[edit] Bookstores became interested in carrying Ewing's novel, which allegedly had been banned in Boston. A few weeks before publication, The Wall Street Journal exposed the hoax, already an open secret.[2] Plot[edit] Rife with jokes and wordplay, the novel can still be read as an entertaining historical romance. Cover painting[edit] The front cover displays a quote: "'Gadzooks,' quoth I, 'but here's a saucy bawd!'". See also[edit] J. References[edit] External links[edit]

Eight per thousand History[edit] The relations between the Italian State and the religious confessions in its territory can be traced back to the Statuto Albertino of 1848, which applied first to the Kingdom of Sardinia and then to the Kingdom of Italy. Its first article declared the "Roman Catholic Apostolic religion" the only state religion and granted legal toleration to all other religious confessions then present.[2] Under the Lateran treaties of 1929, which were incorporated in the 1948 Constitution of the Italian Republic, the State paid a small monthly salary, called the congrua, to Catholic clergymen as compensation for the nationalization of Church properties at the time of the unification of Italy. Current situation[edit] In 2013 there are 12 possibly beneficiaries of the tax: In addition an agreement has been signed with the Jehovah's Witnesses,[14] but it has not yet received parliamentary ratification. Utilisation[edit] Choices expressed by taxpayers[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]

Riemannian geometry Branch of differential geometry Riemannian geometry is the branch of differential geometry that studies Riemannian manifolds, defined as smooth manifolds with a Riemannian metric (an inner product on the tangent space at each point that varies smoothly from point to point). This gives, in particular, local notions of angle, length of curves, surface area and volume. From those, some other global quantities can be derived by integrating local contributions. Riemannian geometry originated with the vision of Bernhard Riemann expressed in his inaugural lecture "Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen" ("On the Hypotheses on which Geometry is Based").[1] It is a very broad and abstract generalization of the differential geometry of surfaces in R3. Every smooth manifold admits a Riemannian metric, which often helps to solve problems of differential topology. The following articles provide some useful introductory material: Sphere theorem. Sectional curvature bounded below

Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri Logica demonstrativa, 1701 The frontispiece of "Euclides ab omni nævo vindicatus" (1733). Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni dʒiˈrɔlamo sakˈkɛri]; 5 September 1667 – 25 October 1733) was an Italian Jesuit priest, scholastic philosopher, and mathematician. Saccheri was born in Sanremo. He entered the Jesuit order in 1685 and was ordained as a priest in 1694. He taught philosophy at the University of Turin from 1694 to 1697 and philosophy, theology and mathematics at the University of Pavia from 1697 until his death. Geometrical work[edit] He is primarily known today for his last publication, in 1733 shortly before his death. Many of Saccheri's ideas have a precedent in the 11th-century Persian polymath Omar Khayyám's Discussion of Difficulties in Euclid (Risâla fî sharh mâ ashkala min musâdarât Kitâb 'Uglîdis), a fact ignored in most Western sources until recently. The second possibility turned out to be harder to refute. See also[edit] References[edit]

Cthulhu Cthulhu[1] is a fictional cosmic entity that first appeared in the short story "The Call of Cthulhu", published in the pulp magazine Weird Tales in 1928. The character was created by writer H. P. Lovecraft. Spelling and pronunciation[edit] Appearance[edit] In "The Call of Cthulhu", H. Publication history[edit] H. August Derleth, a correspondent of Lovecraft, used the creature's name to identify the system of lore employed by Lovecraft and his literary successors: the Cthulhu Mythos. According to Derleth's scheme, "Great Cthulhu is one of the Water Beings" and was engaged in an age-old arch-rivalry with a designated Air elemental, Hastur the Unspeakable, described as Cthulhu's "half-brother".[13] Based on this framework, Derleth wrote a series of short stories published in Weird Tales 1944–1952 and collected as The Trail of Cthulhu, depicting the struggle of a Dr. Derleth's interpretations have been criticized by Lovecraft enthusiast Michel Houellebecq. Legacy[edit] See also[edit]

Landscape architecture Stourhead in Wiltshire, England, designed by Henry Hoare (1705–1785), "the first landscape gardener, who showed in a single work, genius of the highest order"[1] Definition[edit] Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of botany, horticulture, the fine arts, architecture, industrial design, soil sciences, environmental psychology, geography, ecology, and civil engineering. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Fields of activity[edit] Urban design in city squares. The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some examples of project types include:[3] History[edit] Relation to urban planning[edit]

Keskkonnaabi Posted on 03/06/2008 by erikpuura Missugune oleks maailmakaart, kui igas riigis oleks elanike tihedus samasugune? Riigi suurus kaardil väljendab selle elanike arvu. Selline kohati väljavenitatud ja kohati kokkupigistatud kaart on täiesti olemas, parajalt naljakas, aga ka mõtlemapanev. Venemaa näiteks on soolikakujuliseks pigistatud, Hiina ja India seevastu laiutavad. Mis veel hakkab eriti silma? Kaardi allikas: Cartography: A popular perspective, Nature 439(800) Filed under: Keskkond, Muud huvitavat, Rahvusvaheline