Family tree Example of a family tree, showing three generations of the Kennedy Family Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person, including cousins and gene share. Family history representations[edit] Genealogical data can be represented in several formats, for example as a pedigree or ancestry chart. Family trees can have many themes. The image of the tree probably originated with one in medieval art of the Tree of Jesse,[1] used to illustrate the Genealogy of Christ in terms of a prophecy of Isaiah (Isaiah 11:1). Fan chart[edit] One technique is a "fan chart", which features a half circle chart with concentric rings: the person of interest is the inner circle, the second circle is divided in two (each side is one parent), the third circle is divided in four, and so forth. Graph theory[edit] The graphs of matrilineal descent ("mother" relationships between women) and patrilineal descent ("father" relationships between men) are trees however. Notable examples[edit]
Etapas de la evolución del Hombre Caracteristicas de los Hominidos Inicio » Historia Antigua » Etapas de la evolución del Hombre Caracteristicas de los Hominidos Hombre de Neanderthal: En Alemania occidental, en el valle del río Neander (Neanderthal en alemán), en 1856 unos obreros estaban extrayendo piedra caliza de una cueva cuando hallaron unos huesos. Esto no era insólito, y en casos similares era costumbre arrojar los huesos sin más. Pero en esta ocasión la noticia llegó hasta el profesor de una escuela cercana, que consiguió salvar unos catorce de aquellos huesos, incluida la calavera. Por esta época, los geólogos estaban seguros de que la Tierra era muy antigua, y los biólogos a su vez estaban seguros de que los seres humanos habían aparecido mucho antes de lo que la Biblia parecía indicar. Pero cualquiera que fuese esa antigüedad, ¿se trató siempre de seres humanos o bien evolucionaron a partir de alguna forma más simple? Los huesos de la cueva de Neanderthal eran claramente humanos, pero la calavera difería algo de la del hombre actual.
Ernst Mayr German-American evolutionary biologist (1904–2005) His theory of peripatric speciation (a more precise form of allopatric speciation which he advanced), based on his work on birds, is still considered a leading mode of speciation, and was the theoretical underpinning for the theory of punctuated equilibrium, proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould. Mayr is sometimes credited with inventing modern philosophy of biology, particularly the part related to evolutionary biology, which he distinguished from physics due to its introduction of (natural) history into science. Early life and studies [edit] Mayr was the second son of Helene Pusinelli and Otto Mayr. On 23 March 1923 on one of the lakes of Moritzburg, the Frauenteich, he spotted what he identified as a red-crested pochard. Move to the United States After Mayr was appointed at the American Museum of Natural History, he influenced American ornithological research by mentoring young birdwatchers. At the Linnean Society of New York
Template:Evolution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Usage[edit] This is a simple navigation template based on {{navbox}}. To use, copy and paste {{Evolution}} at the bottom of an article. The template is suitable for transcluding at the bottom of articles related to Evolutionary biology. Initial visibility: currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: If the |state= parameter in the template on this page is not set, the template's initial visibility is taken from the |default= parameter in the Collapsible option template. See also[edit]
Species Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million.[1][2][3] About 14% of these had been described by 2011.[3] Definition[edit] Typological or morphological species[edit] A typological species is a group of organisms in which individuals conform to certain fixed properties (a type), so that even pre-literate people often recognise the same taxon as do modern taxonomists.[10][11] The clusters of variations or phenotypes within specimens (such as longer or shorter tails) would differentiate the species. In the 1970s, Robert R. Recognition and cohesion species[edit] Genetic similarity and barcode species[edit] In microbiology, genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) method quantifies genetic distance between entire genomes, using regions of about 10,000 base pairs. Change[edit]
Local optimum Attraction basins around locally optimal points Polynomial of degree 4: the trough on the right is a local minimum and the one on the left is the global minimum. The peak in the center is a local maximum. Continuous domain[edit] When the function to be optimized is continuous, it may be possible to employ calculus to find local optima. Search techniques[edit] If the problem to be solved has all locally optimal points with the same value of the function to be optimized, local search effectively solves the global problem: finding a local optimum delivers a globally optimal solution. In many cases, local optima deliver sub-optimal solutions to the global problem, and a local search method needs to be modified to continue the search beyond local optimality; see for example iterated local search, tabu search, reactive search optimization, and simulated annealing. See also[edit] Maxima and minima
Earliest known life forms Putative fossilized microorganisms found near hydrothermal vents The earliest known life forms on Earth are believed to be fossilized microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, considered to be about 3.42 billion years old.[1][2] The earliest time for the origin of life on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years ago[2][4][5]—not long after the oceans formed 4.5 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth is from microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.[8][9] Biosphere[edit] Fossil evidence[edit] The age of Earth is about 4.54 billion years;[45][46][47] the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago.[48][49][50] Some computer models suggest life began as early as 4.5 billion years ago.[4][5] Genomic evidence[edit] Gallery[edit] See also[edit]
Tree model Austro-Asiatic language tree In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or "mother" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family. History of the model[edit] The confusion of Babel[edit] Family tree of Biblical tribes Augustine of Hippo supposed that each of the descendants of Noah founded a nation and that each nation was given its own language: Assyrian for Assur, Hebrew for Heber, and so on.[2] In all he identified 72 nations, tribal founders and languages. Ursprache, the language of paradise[edit] St. Garden of Eden, home of the Ursprache Browne reports a number of reconstructive activities by the scholars of the times:[10] The first Indo-Europeanists[edit] Notes[edit]