Disadvantages of Proportional Representation Proportional representation requires the use of multiple-member voting districts (also called super-districts[3]). Proportional representation is not possible using single-member districts alone.[2] Three types of voting systems are usually associated with PR:[4][5] Party-list PR systems where political parties define candidate lists and voters vote for a list; that is, they vote for a party rather than for specific candidates (a "closed list"). A majority of countries use some form of PR in national lower house elections, party-list PR being the most widely used system (35%) followed by mixed systems at 15%, including both MMP and Mixed Member Majoritarian systems (MMM)).[2] STV, despite long being admired by political scientists,[2] is used in only two national lower houses: Ireland (since 1921) and Malta (since 1921).[11] Political interests generally oppose its use because it so effectively transfers power from politicians to the electorate.[12] Fairness[edit] Coalitions[edit]
Ethical banking An ethical bank, also known as a social, alternative, civic, or sustainable bank, is a bank concerned with the social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans. Ethical banks are part of a larger societal movement, called "Banktivism," which calls for a move towards more social and environmental responsibility in the financial sector. This movement includes: ethical investment, socially responsible investment, corporate social responsibility, and is also related to such movements as the fair trade movement, ethical consumerism, etc. The most notable association for ethical banking is the Global Alliance for Banking on Values. History[edit] Historically banks have been viewed solely as financial institutions, which should concern themselves with all things financial. Potential for banks to create environmentally and socially conscious business practices[edit] Some businesses externalize costs onto the environment and society. Ethical initiatives[edit] Discussion[edit]
Meritocracy Political system in which capital is assigned on the basis of competence Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō, and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος kratos 'strength, power') is the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth or social class.[1] Advancement in such a system is based on performance, as measured through examination or demonstrated achievement. The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely, as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests".[9] In government and other administrative systems, "meritocracy" refers to a system under which advancement within the system turns on "merits", like performance, intelligence, credentials, and education. These are often determined through evaluations or examinations. More recent conceptions [edit] In 1813, U.S. 20th century to today 子曰：有教無類。
Alternative Banking So, do you need a bank to bank? Do you have to get a loan from a bank or credit union? Do you need to have branch access in order to have a good banking experience? Can you get the best rates without a branch? The Branchless Bank Internet banking is not just online banking, it’s becoming a new service model. Peer to Peer Lending Some people have figured out that with the right tools, they can lend out money and make some interest on it. Money Management Tools Tools like Quicken and Money have been around forever, but new players have entered the market.
Putting empathy into economics | New Economics Foundation June 24, 2014 // By: Susan Steed On Saturday, 50,000 people marched in protest against austerity. But if you look at the mainstream press the most important thing that happened was that Russell Brand took his top off. This is a shame, not least because the protest wasn’t given the attention it deserved in the media. But what does this actually mean? About 20 years ago an Italian neurophysiologist made a surprise discovery. This helps explain empathy - why you may feel happy around positive people, or wince when someone else gets punched. Why is this important for economics? A bigger challenge is that traditional economics doesn’t include empathy and focuses on individuals. Very few economists working today have tried to look at this. The issue isn’t just in economics, often environmentalists and other campaigners take on its language to advance their cause. So, how would we go about creating an economy built on empathy? It is also easy not to think about what we are eating. Issues Close
Basic Banking System Author: Bart klein Ikink Background Local currencies have proliferated in recent years and a number of transaction systems support those currencies [+]. Linkages between various types of local currencies and co-operative finance organisations are developing. In the United States, Alternatives Credit Union and Ithaca Money have formed a joint board. In southern Germany the Chiemgauer, which is a currency with a holding tax, is being supported by local social and co-operative banks. One of the most used systems is Cyclos. Most existing transactional systems are not able to support a replacement of the current usury financial system by local currencies with a holding tax. Cyclos has been around for many years and it is installed on a large number of locations. System scope The Basic Banking System is a simple system in the functional as well in the technical sense. Small banks should not have to consider organisational design and systems design. Additional information Introduction Roles
Salaire d'efficience Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le salaire d'efficience, en économie du travail, est une hypothèse expliquant la fixation d'un niveau de salaire supérieur à ce qu'expliquerait la seule loi de l'offre et la demande dans un marché en concurrence pure et parfaite, expliquant ainsi une partie du chômage des économies de marché contemporaines. L'hypothèse de ce modèle veut qu'il y ait une liaison positive entre le niveau du salaire et l'effort productif du salarié. Le salaire d'efficience est un concept développé dans le cadre du nouveau keynésianisme (notamment par les économistes Carl Shapiro et Joseph Stiglitz en 1984[1]) pour expliquer une partie du chômage. L'idée n'est pas nouvelle. Dans le modèle du salaire d'efficience, l'origine du déséquilibre se trouve dans un problème d'accès à l'information : les employeurs ne pouvant pas connaître parfaitement l'effort fourni par les salariés dans leur travail et notamment s'ils fournissent l'effort maximal. Portail de l’économie
What’s the definition of a Transition Bank? | REconomy A post by Shane Hughes. Our banks engage in industrial scale fraud and are more destructive than most of us realise, underming the transiton to a vibrant and resilient world. Given that mainstream banking reform fiddles around the edges, should (or could) our community groups proactively create the banks and banking system we want? Here’s my thinking… With vigor, our entrepreneurs set up energy companies, food coops, bakeries, pubs and repair shops. In this post i try to define a Transition Bank, I’ve covered the negative impacts of the existing banking system at the end of this post but I wanted to cut to the chase and summarise a proposed Transition Bank, with the following equation; Lets look at the equation in more detail. A credit union or similar coop, non profit-type structure - The typical CU structure fits well with many of the criteria for a Transition Enterprise and the Transition Principles especially in the community and profit related areas. Written by Shane Hughes.
Loi de Walras Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Walras. La loi de Walras est le point central de la théorie de l'équilibre général. Elle peut se formuler de la façon suivante : Loi de Walras — Sur l'ensemble des marchés, la somme des demandes nettes pondérées par les prix est égale à zéro. On se sert souvent d'une conséquence de la loi de Walras : Corollaire de la loi de Walras — Dans une économie à N marchés, si N-1 marchés sont en équilibre, alors le N-ième marché est également en équilibre. Autrement dit, si un marché n'est pas équilibré, alors il y a au moins un autre marché qui n'est pas en équilibre. Portail de l’économie
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