Victimology Study of victimization Victimology is the study of victimization, including the psychological effects on victims, the relationship between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system—that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials—and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements.[1] Victim of a crime[edit] In criminology and criminal law, a victim of a crime is an identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator, rather than by society as a whole. Consequences of crimes[edit] Victims may experience the following psychological reactions: Increase in the realization of personal vulnerability.The perception of the world as meaningless and incomprehensible.They view themselves in a negative light.[2] The experience of victimization may result in increasing fear on the part of the victim, and the spread of fear in the community.
Social influence Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of others. These include our need to be right (informational social influence), and our need to be liked (normative social influence).[3] Informational influence (or social proof) is an influence to accept information from another as evidence about reality. Informational influence comes into play when people are uncertain, either because stimuli are intrinsically ambiguous or because there is social disagreement. Normative influence is an influence to conform to the positive expectations of others. In terms of Kelman's typology, normative influence leads to public compliance, whereas informational influence leads to private acceptance. Types[edit] Social Influence is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena. Kelman's varieties[edit] 1) Compliance[edit] 2) Identification[edit] 3) Internalization[edit] Conformity[edit] Minority influence[edit] Reactance[edit]
Moral agency Ability to make ethical judgements Moral agency is an individual's ability to make moral choices based on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions.[1] A moral agent is "a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. Development and analysis[edit] Most philosophers suggest only rational beings, who can reason and form self-interested judgments, are capable of being moral agents. Determinists argue all of our actions are the product of antecedent causes, and some believe this is incompatible with free will and thus claim that we have no real control over our actions. In Kant's philosophy, this calls for an act of faith, the faith free agent is based on something a priori, yet to be known, or immaterial. Psychologist Albert Bandura has observed that moral agents engage in selective moral disengagement in regards to their own inhumane conduct.[4] Distinction between moral agency and moral patienthood[edit] Artificial moral agents[edit]
What is the new sociology of Ideas ? A Discussion with Charles Camic and Neil Gross - Transeo Review Humanities are not so common an object of investigation for social scientists. Other disciplines (intellectual history, political science or even philosophy) tend to challenge the accounts produced by sociologists. Moreover, the sophistication of disciplines such as philosophy or economic analysis can sometimes be a barrier for sociologists working on them. Charles Camic : Although I “turned” about 10 years ago to using the expression “sociology of ideas” to describe my work, I’ve actually been doing research in this vein onward from my time in graduate school. When I was a sociology graduate student at the University of Chicago in the mid-1970s, my initial interests were social theory and the sociology of education. As I began reading the sparse literature that then made up the sociology of knowledge, however, I was quickly disabused of this expectation. Neil Gross : Any sociologist of ideas worth his salt will naturally be suspicious of the autobiographical narratives of intellectuals.
Victimisation Process of being or subjected to a victim Victimisation (or victimization) is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim. The field that studies the process, rates, incidence, effects, and prevalence of victimisation is called victimology. Peer victimisation[edit] Peer victimisation is the experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behaviour of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.[1] Secondary victimisation[edit] Secondary victimization (also known as post crime victimization[2] or double victimization[3]) refers to further victim-blaming from criminal justice authorities following a report of an original victimization.[2] Revictimisation[edit] The term revictimisation refers to a pattern wherein the victim of abuse and/or crime has a statistically higher tendency to be victimised again, either shortly thereafter[4] or much later in adulthood in the case of abuse as a child. Offenders choosing pre-traumatized victims[edit]
Cousins of Neanderthals Left DNA in Africa, Scientists Report The geneticists reached this conclusion, reported on Thursday in the journal Cell, after decoding the entire genome of three isolated hunter-gatherer peoples in Africa, hoping to cast light on the origins of modern human evolution. But the finding is regarded skeptically by some paleoanthropologists because of the absence in the fossil record of anything that would support the geneticists’ statistical calculations. Two of the hunter-gatherers in the study, the Hadza and Sandawe of Tanzania, speak click languages and carry ancient DNA lineages that trace to the earliest branchings of the human family tree. The third group is that of the forest-dwelling pygmies of Cameroon, who also have ancient lineages and unusual blood types. The geneticists, led by Joseph Lachance and Sarah A. Tishkoff of the University of Pennsylvania, decoded the entire genomes of five men from each of these groups. Among the DNA sequences special to pygmies, Dr. Dr. Dr. A co-author, Joshua M.
Persecutory delusion Delusion involving perception of persecution Medical condition A persecutory delusion is a type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that harm is going to occur to oneself by a persecutor, despite a clear lack of evidence. The person may believe that they are being targeted by an individual or a group of people. The causality of persecutory delusions are a combination of genetic (family history) and environmental (drug and alcohol use, emotional abuse) factors. Signs and symptoms[edit] People who present with this form of delusion are often in the bottom 2% in terms of psychological well-being.[3] A correlation has been found between the imagined power the persecutor has and the control the sufferer has over the delusion. Causes[edit] Persecutory delusions are thought to be linked with problems in self-other control, that is, when an individual adjusts the representation of oneself and others in social interactions. Treatment[edit] Diagnosis[edit] See also[edit]
Victim blaming Social phenomenon Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them.[1] There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of domestic violence and sex crimes, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime.[2] The Gay Panic Defense has been characterized as a form of victim blaming. [3][4] Coining of the phrase [edit] Moynihan had concluded that three centuries of oppression of black people, and in particular with what he calls the uniquely cruel structure of American slavery as opposed to its Latin American counterparts, had created a long series of chaotic disruptions within the black family structure which, at the time of the report, manifested itself in high rates of unwed births, absent fathers, and single mother households in black families. In recent years,[when?]
Victim complex From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Desire to seek suffering or persecution In psychology a person who has a martyr complex, sometimes associated with the term "victim complex", desires the feeling of being a martyr for their own sake and seeks out suffering or persecution because it either feeds a physical need or a desire to avoid responsibility. In some cases, this results from the belief that the martyr has been singled out for persecution because of exceptional ability or integrity.[1] Other martyr complexes involve willful suffering in the name of love or duty. This has been observed especially in poor families, as well as in codependent or abusive relationships.[2][3] The desire for martyrdom is sometimes considered a form of masochism.[4] Allan Berger, however, described it as one of several patterns of "pain/suffering seeking behavior", including asceticism and penance.[5] Theologian Paul Johnson considers such beliefs a topic of concern for the mental health of clergy.[6]