Baruch Spinoza 17th century philosopher Baruch (de) Spinoza (;[14][15] Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; Portuguese: [ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]; born Baruch Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent Benedictus de Spinoza, anglicized to Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677[17][18][19][20]) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin.[12][21][22] One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment[23] and modern biblical criticism,[24] including modern conceptions of the self and the universe,[25] he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza's given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In Hebrew, his full name is written ברוך שפינוזה. In the Netherlands he used the Portuguese name Bento. Biography[edit] Family and community origins[edit] 17th-century Netherlands[edit] Early life[edit] Death[edit]
en.m.wikipedia 19th-century German composer, pianist and organist A grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family. He was brought up without religion until the age of seven, when he was baptised as a Reformed Christian. Felix was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent. Mendelssohn enjoyed early success in Germany, and revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, notably with his performance of the St Matthew Passion in 1829. Life[edit] Childhood[edit] The family moved to Berlin in 1811, leaving Hamburg in disguise in fear of French reprisal for the Mendelssohn bank's role in breaking Napoleon's Continental System blockade. Surname[edit] Abraham Mendelssohn renounced the Jewish religion prior to Felix's birth; he and his wife decided not to have Felix circumcised, in contravention of the Jewish tradition. Career[edit] Musical education[edit] Early maturity[edit]
Voltaire Féru d'arts et de sciences, ami et collaborateur des encyclopédistes, Voltaire marque son époque par sa production littéraire et ses engagements politiques. Son influence sur les classes éduquées est considérable dans les décennies qui précèdent la Révolution française et tout au long du XIXe siècle, en particulier dans les milieux bourgeois anticléricaux. Adversaire implacable des religions révélées, mais déiste ou théiste[2], il dénonce dans son Dictionnaire philosophique le fanatisme religieux de toutes les époques, tant en France que dans d'autres pays. Mettant sa notoriété au service des victimes de l’intolérance religieuse ou de l’arbitraire, il prend position dans des affaires qu’il a rendues célèbres : les affaires Calas, Sirven, celles du chevalier de La Barre et du comte de Lally-Tollendal. Voltaire aime le confort, les plaisirs de la table et de la conversation qu’il considère, avec le théâtre, comme l’une des formes les plus abouties de la vie en société. Voltaire a 32 ans.
Joseph Johnson Joseph Johnson may refer to: Entertainment[edit] Joseph McMillan Johnson (1912–1990), American film art directorSmokey Johnson (1936–2015), New Orleans jazz musicianN.O. Joe (Joseph Johnson, born 1975), musician, producer and songwriter Politics[edit] Religion[edit] Others[edit] See also[edit] Heinrich Heine - Wikipedia German poet, journalist, essayist, and literary critic Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaɪnə]; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Early life[edit] Childhood and youth[edit] Heinrich was the eldest of four children. Düsseldorf was then a small town with a population of around 16,000. Thus Heine's formative years were spent under French influence. Heine's parents were not particularly devout. In 1814 Heine went to a business school in Düsseldorf where he learned to read English, the commercial language of the time.[12] The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. When he was 18 Heine almost certainly had an unrequited love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Universities[edit]
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Signature. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, né le 28 juin 1712 à Genève et mort le 2 juillet 1778 à Ermenonville, est un écrivain, philosophe et musicien. Orphelin de mère très jeune, éduqué dans un milieu populaire, il mène une vie marquée par l'errance. Si ses ouvrages l'ont rendu célèbre dans toute l'Europe, ils lui valent aussi des conflits avec l'Église catholique et la République de Genève, ce qui l'oblige à souvent changer de résidence et alimente un sentiment de persécution de plus en plus aigu. Dès 1750, Rousseau commence à s'affirmer comme un penseur de premier plan avec le Discours sur les sciences et les arts. Sa philosophie politique s'appuie sur des lectures étendues tant d'auteurs de l'Antiquité que de philosophes, de juristes et d'économistes contemporains, notamment Hobbes et surtout Locke. Sa pensée a exercé une influence considérable sur la philosophie, la politique, l’éducation, le goût et les mœurs. En mars 1761, il fait paraître un Projet de paix perpétuelle[95]. « Quoi !
Millennialism Belief that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur prior to the final judgment Millennialism (from millennium, Latin for "a thousand years") or chiliasm (from the Greek equivalent), is a belief advanced by some religious denominations that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur on Earth prior to the final judgment and future eternal state of the "World to Come". Christianity and Judaism have both produced messianic movements which featured millennialist teachings—such as the notion that an earthly kingdom of God was at hand. These millenarian movements often led to considerable social unrest.[1] Similarities to millennialism appear in Zoroastrianism, which identified successive thousand-year periods, each of which will end in a cataclysm of heresy and destruction, until the final destruction of evil and of the spirit of evil by a triumphant king of peace at the end of the final millennial age. Judaism[edit] Christianity[edit] came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. Utopianism[edit]
www.counter-currents 3,117 words Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was the most influential composer of the nineteenth century and one of the most influential composers in the history of Western art music. A composer almost exclusively of operas, Wagner revolutionized the dramatic scope and staging of operas and greatly extended the harmonic language and formal structure of operatic music. Wagner’s greatest artistic achievement was his tetralogy of operas collectively known as Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung, 1848-1874), which includes (in order of performance) Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold, 1854), Die Walküre (The Valkyrie, 1856), Siegfried (1871), and Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods, 1874). In normal parlance, this work is generally referred to as The Ring Cycle, or just The Ring. Even if you have never seen a live or video performance of a Wagner opera, you have undoubtedly been exposed to Wagner’s music. The Text Synopsis The Music Staging & Dramatic Representation
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert Mathématicien et philosophe français (Paris 1717-Paris 1783). 1. Enfance et formation de d'Alembert Le 16 novembre 1717, on recueille sur les marches de l'église Saint-Jean-le-Rond, dans le cloître Notre-Dame, un nouveau-né abandonné dans une boîte de sapin. Porté à l'hospice des Enfants-Trouvés et baptisé sous un nom qui rappelle le lieu de sa découverte, il est ensuite confié à la femme d'un pauvre vitrier. Jean Le Rond est en réalité le fils de Mme de Tencin et du chevalier Destouches, commissaire provincial d'artillerie, qui, s'il ne reconnaît pas l'enfant, exercera cependant sur lui une protection discrète. 1.1. Entré à douze ans au collège des Quatre-Nations, le jeune garçon étonne ses professeurs par ses dons pour les langues anciennes et la spéculation philosophique. Avocat en 1738, il s'essaie à la médecine, mais découvre assez vite sa véritable vocation : les mathématiques, qu'il a plutôt réinventées qu'apprises à l'aide de quelques leçons d'un unique professeur. 1.2. 2. 2.1. 3.
Institution Structure or mechanism of social order An institution is a humanly devised structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain social behavior.[1][2][3][4] All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity.[5] Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions.[6] Institutions vary in their level of formality and informality.[7][8] Institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (the latter described by Émile Durkheim as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning").[9] Primary or meta-institutions are institutions such as the family or money that are broad enough to encompass sets of related institutions. Other social scientists have examined the concept of institutional lock-in. Randall Calvert defines institution as "an equilibrium of behavior in an underlying game According to Geoffrey M. [edit]
www.opera-arias 1 - Das Rheingold 2 - Die Walküre 3 - Siegfried 4 - Götterdammerung Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic operas (or "dramas" to use the composer's preferred term) by the German composer Richard Wagner (1813-83). The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the Nibelungenlied. Jean le Rond D'Alembert Signature Jean Le Rond d’Alembert[1], pour les logiciels anglais Jean le Rond D’Alembert[2],[3] né le 16 novembre 1717 à Paris où il est mort le 29 octobre 1783, est un mathématicien, physicien, philosophe et encyclopédiste français. Il est célèbre pour avoir été l'inventeur d'un principe de l'équilibre que Condorcet explique dans son "Eloge de d'Alembert" (éd. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Enfance[modifier | modifier le code] Fruit d’un amour passager entre la future salonnière Claudine Guérin de Tencin (1682-1749) et, selon Giles Maheu (Thèse sur "La vie et l'oeuvre de Jean d'Alembert : étude bio-bibliographique" et P. Études[modifier | modifier le code] À douze ans, il entre au collège des Quatre-Nations. Premiers travaux scientifiques (1739-1746)[modifier | modifier le code] Il entre à l’Académie de Berlin à 28 ans. L’homme de lettres (1746-1757)[modifier | modifier le code] C’est là qu’il rencontre Denis Diderot, en 1746. Après (1757)[modifier | modifier le code] Soit .