Panopticon Prison design The panopticon is a design of institutional building with an inbuilt system of control, originated by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. The concept is to allow all prisoners of an institution to be observed by a single corrections officer, without the inmates knowing whether or not they are being watched. The word panopticon derives from the Greek word for "all seeing" – panoptes.[3] In 1785, Jeremy Bentham, an English social reformer and founder of utilitarianism, travelled to Krichev in Mogilev Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern Belarus) to visit his brother, Samuel, who accompanied Prince Potemkin.[4]: xxxviii Bentham arrived in Krichev in early 1786[5] and stayed for almost two years. Bentham thought that the chief mechanism that would bring the manager of the panopticon prison in line with the duty to be humane would be publicity. Architecture of other institutions [edit] Surveillance technology
Men and mass murder: What gender tells us about America's epidemic of gun violence Another week (or day) in America, another mass shooting. Another mass shooting, another flood of liberal attacks on gun culture, the Second Amendment, and the NRA. And another round of conservative pushback asserting some version of "guns don't kill people; people kill people." And another Barack Obama press conference railing at our failure to "do something" to stop the violence. And on and on and on. Not long ago, I made my own contribution to the conversation, expressing despair that anything can significantly change this horrifying facet of our national life and culture. But realism (or fatalism) doesn't preclude trying to understand why it keeps happening. More Perspectives James Poulos How TPP cements Obama's corporatist legacy Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry China's tyrannical new 'credit score' is a warning to America Murder is an overwhelmingly male act, with the offender proving to be a man 90 percent of the time the person's gender is known. We don't lack for explanations.
Ilisu Dam and Legal Considerations in Iraq | Iraqi Civil Society Solidarity Initiative (ICSSI) Policy Paper Presented to the Iraqi Government on the legal possibilities available to Iraq to respond to the threat posed by the Ilisu Dam. Author: Save the Tigris and Iraqi Marshes Campaign Baghdad, 22-03-2014 Download the full paper here (PDF file) or read the full content below. Contents: 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Legal Basis for the Recommendations 2.1 Turkey’s violations of its international obligations in relation to the Ilisu dam 2.2 Private Investors 3.0 Recommendations 1.0 Executive Summary The Tigris River is the lifeline of Iraq; it is under threat by the construction of Ilisu dam within Turkey’s GAP project in violation of international law. Ultimately, if Turkey refuses to hold a dialogue about the Ilisu dam construction, the Iraqi government should hold Turkey accountable to its international legal obligations by exercising its treaty rights to take the matter to the U.N. 2.0 Legal Basis for the Recommendations 2.1.1. The EIA for the Ilisu dam fails to satisfy these requirements.
United States Constitution Supreme law of the United States of America The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.[3] It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Since the Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times, including one amendment that repealed a previous one,[5] in order to meet the needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the 18th century.[6] In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government.[7][8] The majority of the 17 later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Contents Background First government From September 5, 1774, to March 1, 1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States. Congress was paralyzed.
Declaration of Independence - Text Transcript The Declaration of Independence: A Transcription IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. The 56 signatures on the Declaration appear in the positions indicated:
Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.] 16 April 1963 My Dear Fellow Clergymen: While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action.
How Star Trek Explains The Decline Of Liberalism Leonard Nimoy’s death in February brought to a close his unusual career continually playing a single role for half a century. Between 1966, when the television show “Star Trek” premiered, and 2013, when the movie “Star Trek Into Darkness” hit the screens, Nimoy portrayed the franchise’s beloved first officer, Mr. Spock, in two TV series and eight films. As he acknowledged, the key to “Star Trek’s” longevity and cultural penetration was its seriousness of purpose, originally inspired by creator Gene Roddenberry’s science-fiction vision. Modeled on “Gulliver’s Travels,” the series was meant as an opportunity for social commentary, and it succeeded ingeniously, with episodes scripted by some of the era’s finest science-fiction writers. Yet the development of “Star Trek’s” moral and political tone over 50 years also traces the strange decline of American liberalism since the Kennedy era. Captain Kirk and the Cold War This could have been declaimed by Captain James T. For Freedom of Choice J.
Matrix67: The Aha Moments 随着常数 m 和 n 的变化，参数方程 x = sin(m · t), y = sin(n · t) 将会画出一系列漂亮的曲线。法国物理学家 Jules Antoine Lissajous 曾在 1857 年研究过这类曲线，因此人们把它叫做 Lissajous 曲线。我在 reddit 上看到了一个 Lissajous 曲线的动画演示，觉得看起来确实非常爽；但那个动画里没有解释曲线的生成方法，很多细节也有让人不太满意的地方，于是决定自己制作一个。这个动画展示的是 m = 13, n = 18 时的 Lissajous 曲线。 2016 年 7 月 30 日至 8 月 7 日，第 39 届欧洲杂耍大会（European Juggling Convention）在荷兰的阿尔梅勒举行， 8 月 3 日凌晨的搏击之夜（Fight Night）自然再度成为了众人关注的焦点——它是杂耍斗（combat juggling）这项运动最大的赛事。在杂耍斗的圈子里，有两个响当当的大名你必须要知道：德国选手 Jochen Pfeiffer 目前世界排名第二，之前拿过 6 次搏击之夜的冠军；英国选手 Luke Burrage 目前世界排名第一，之前拿过 8 次搏击之夜的冠军。 杂耍斗是一种两人对战类的体育运动。 典型的一局比赛大致就像下面这样。 Read more… 下面这个趣题出自 Using your Head is Permitted 谜题站 2016 年 8 月的题目，稍有改动。 屋子里有若干个人，任意两个人都有恰好 1 个共同的朋友。 除了上图展示的情况之外，我们还能构造出很多别的同样满足要求的情况。 Read more… 无穷多个相同大小的正方形格子排成一排，向左右两边无限地延伸。 选择某个格子，保证该格子内至少含有 1 个原子。 初始时，某个格子里有 1 个原子。 Read more… 2016 年 IMO 的第 6 题（也就是第二天比赛的第 3 题）非常有趣，这恐怕算得上是近十年来 IMO 的所有题目中最有趣的题目之一。 证明：当 n 为奇数时， Geoff 一定有办法实现他的要求。