PID controller Some applications may require using only one or two actions to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the other parameters to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are fairly common, since derivative action is sensitive to measurement noise, whereas the absence of an integral term may prevent the system from reaching its target value due to the control action. History and applications[edit] PID theory developed by observing the action of helmsmen. The Navy ultimately did not adopt the system, due to resistance by personnel. Electronic analog controllers can be made from a solid-state or tube amplifier, a capacitor and a resistor. Most modern PID controllers in industry are implemented in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or as a panel-mounted digital controller. Control loop basics[edit] The sensed water temperature is the process variable (PV). where : Error and . .
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (/ruːˈsoʊ/;[1] French: [ʒɑ̃ʒak ʁuso]; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. Biography[edit] Youth[edit] Rousseau was born in Geneva, which was at the time a city-state and a Protestant associate of the Swiss Confederacy. Rousseau was proud that his family, of the moyen order (or middle-class), had voting rights in the city. Geneva, in theory, was governed democratically by its male voting "citizens". There was much political debate within Geneva, extending down to the tradespeople. The house where Rousseau was born at number 40, Grand-Rue. The trade of watchmaking had become a family tradition by the time of Rousseau's father, Isaac Rousseau. He and his older brother François were brought up by their father and a paternal aunt, also named Suzanne.
Conversation theory Overview[edit] Conversation theory may be described as a formal theory of conversational process.[8] It may be viewed as a framework that may be used to examine learning and development through the means of conversational techniques by means of human-machine interactions; the results of which may then inform approaches to education, educational psychology, and epistemology.[9] The theory has been noted to have been influenced by a variety of psychological, pedagogical and philosophical influences including but not limited to: Vygotsky, Piaget, Luria, Laing and Mead.[10][11][12] It regards social systems as symbolic, language-oriented systems where responses depend on one person's interpretation of another person's behavior, and where meanings are agreed through conversations.[19] But since meanings are agreed, and the agreements can be illusory and transient, scientific research requires stable reference points in human transactions to allow for reproducible results. Language[edit] and .
Gain scheduling One or more observable variables, called the scheduling variables, are used to determine what operating region the system is currently in and to enable the appropriate linear controller. For example in an aircraft flight control system, the altitude and Mach number might be the scheduling variables, with different linear controller parameters available (and automatically plugged into the controller) for various combinations of these two variables. A relatively large scope state of the art about gain scheduling has been published in (Survey of Gain-Scheduling Analysis & Design, D.J.Leith, WE.Leithead).[1] Control reconfiguration Reconfiguration problem[edit] Schematic diagram of a typical active fault-tolerant control system. In the nominal, i.e. fault-free situation, the lower control loop operates to meet the control goals. Fault modelling[edit] The figure to the right shows a plant controlled by a controller in a standard control loop. The nominal linear model of the plant is The plant subject to a fault (indicated by a red arrow in the figure) is modelled in general by where the subscript indicates that the system is faulty. , sensor faults are represented by the output map , and internal plant faults are represented by the system matrix The upper part of the figure shows a supervisory loop consisting of fault detection and isolation (FDI) and reconfiguration which changes the loop by choosing new input and output signals from {} to reach the control goal,changing the controller internals (including dynamic structure and parameters),adjusting the reference input . Reconfiguration goals[edit] Fault hiding[edit]
Deadband Input and output of the deadband operator. Voltage regulators[edit] In some substations there are regulators that keep the voltage within certain predetermined limits, but there is a range of voltage in-between during which no changes are made, such as, maybe, between 112 to 118 volts (deadband is 6 volts here), or 215 to 225 volts (deadband is 10 volts here). Backlash[edit] Gear teeth with slop (backlash) exhibit deadband. Hysteresis Vs. Deadband is different from hysteresis. Thermostats[edit] Simple (single mode) thermostats exhibit hysteresis. A thermostat which sets a single temperature and automatically controls both heating and cooling systems without a mode change exhibits a deadband range around the target temperature. Alarms[edit] A smoke detector is also an example of hysteresis, not deadband. References[edit] Johnson, Curtis D. See also[edit] Schmitt trigger
Cybernetic Serendipity Cybernetic Serendipity was an exhibition of cybernetic art curated by Jasia Reichardt, shown at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, from 2 August to 20 October 1968,[1] and then toured across the United States. Two stops in the United States were the Corcoran Annex (Corcoran Gallery of Art), Washington, D.C., from 16 July to 31 August 1969, and the newly opened Exploratorium[2] in San Francisco, from 1 November to 18 December 1969. Content[edit] One part of the exhibition was concerned with algorithms and devices for generating music. Some exhibits were pamphlets describing the algorithms, whilst others showed musical notation produced by computers. Devices made musical effects and played tapes of sounds made by computers. Another part described computer projects such as Gustav Metzger's self-destructive Five Screens With Computer, a design for a new hospital, a computer programmed structure, and dance choreography. Attendance[edit] After-effects[edit] See also[edit]
Stiction Stiction is the static friction that needs to be overcome to enable relative motion of stationary objects in contact.[1] The term is a portmanteau of the term "static friction",[2] perhaps also influenced by the verb "stick". Any solid objects pressing against each other (but not sliding) will require some threshold of force parallel to the surface of contact in order to overcome static cohesion. Stiction is a threshold, not a continuous force. In situations where two surfaces with areas below the micrometer range come into close proximity (as in an accelerometer), they may adhere together. Automobiles[edit] Stiction is also the same threshold at which a rolling object would begin to slide over a surface rather than rolling at the expected rate (and in the case of a wheel, in the expected direction). This is why driver training courses teach that if a car begins to slide sideways, the driver should try to steer in the same direction as the slide with no brakes. Examples[edit] Biology[edit]
Cybernetical physics Roots of cybernetical physics[edit] Until recently no creative interaction of physics and control theory (cybernetics) had been seen and no control theory methods were directly used for discovering new physical effects and phenomena. The situation dramatically changed in the 1990s when two new areas emerged: control of chaos and quantum control. Control of chaos[edit] In 1990 a paper [1] was published in Physical Review Letters by Edward Ott, Celso Grebogi and James Yorke from the University of Maryland reporting that even small feedback action can dramatically change the behavior of a nonlinear system, e.g., turn chaotic motions into periodic ones and vice versa. Later, a number of other methods were proposed for transforming chaotic trajectories into periodic ones, for example delayed feedback (Pyragas method).[2] Numerous nonlinear and adaptive control methods were also applied for the control of chaos, see surveys in.[3][4][5][6] Quantum control[edit] sec). Control thermodynamics[edit]
Computational cybernetics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques. Though the term Cybernetics entered the technical lexicon in the 1940s and 1950s, it was first used informally as a popular noun in the 1960s, when it became associated with computers, robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Science fiction. The initial promise of cybernetics was that it would revolutionise the mathematical biologies (a blanket term that includes some kinds of AI) by its use of closed loop semantics rather than open loop mathematics to describe and control living systems and biological process behaviours. While Cybernetics is primarily concerned with the study of control systems, computational cybernetics focuses on their automatic (complex, autonomic, flexible, adaptive) operation. See also[edit] References[edit]
Cochlear implant Prosthesis A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. With the help of therapy, cochlear implants may allow for improved speech understanding in both quiet and noisy environments.[1][2] A CI bypasses acoustic hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.[2] Through everyday listening and auditory training, cochlear implants allow both children and adults to learn to interpret those signals as speech and sound.[3][4][5] The implant has two main components. The outside component is generally worn behind the ear, but could also be attached to clothing, for example, in young children. This component, the sound processor, contains microphones, electronics that include digital signal processor (DSP) chips, battery, and a coil that transmits a signal to the implant across the skin. The surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia. Parts[edit]