Conversation theory Overview[edit] Conversation theory may be described as a formal theory of conversational process.[8] It may be viewed as a framework that may be used to examine learning and development through the means of conversational techniques by means of human-machine interactions; the results of which may then inform approaches to education, educational psychology, and epistemology.[9] The theory has been noted to have been influenced by a variety of psychological, pedagogical and philosophical influences including but not limited to: Vygotsky, Piaget, Luria, Laing and Mead.[10][11][12] It regards social systems as symbolic, language-oriented systems where responses depend on one person's interpretation of another person's behavior, and where meanings are agreed through conversations.[19] But since meanings are agreed, and the agreements can be illusory and transient, scientific research requires stable reference points in human transactions to allow for reproducible results. Language[edit] and .
Regelungstechnik Bekannte Anwendungen im Haushalt sind die Konstanttemperaturregelung der Raumluft (Heizungsregelung), des Bügeleisens oder der Luft im Kühlschrank. Mit dem Tempomat wird die Fahrgeschwindigkeit im Kraftfahrzeug konstant gehalten. Eine Folgeregelung ist im Allgemeinen technisch anspruchsvoller, beispielsweise die Kursregelung mit einem Autopilot in der Schifffahrt, in der Luftfahrt oder in der Raumfahrt. Regelung bedeutet Messen der zu beeinflussenden Größe (Regelgröße) und ein kontinuierlicher Vergleich mit dem gewünschten Wert. Im Gegensatz zur Regelung fehlt bei der Steuerung die Rückkopplung der Ausgangsgröße auf den Eingang. Ein gegebener dynamischer Prozess (Regelstrecke) lässt sich durch eine experimentelle Systemanalyse mittels geeigneter Testsignale und Messung der Systemantwort näherungsweise als mathematisches Modell ermitteln. Geschichte der Regelungstechnik[Bearbeiten] Historisch ausgeführte Regelungen[Bearbeiten] Definition Steuerung und Regelung[Bearbeiten] Beispiel Erdklima
Control reconfiguration Reconfiguration problem[edit] Schematic diagram of a typical active fault-tolerant control system. In the nominal, i.e. fault-free situation, the lower control loop operates to meet the control goals. Fault modelling[edit] The figure to the right shows a plant controlled by a controller in a standard control loop. The nominal linear model of the plant is The plant subject to a fault (indicated by a red arrow in the figure) is modelled in general by where the subscript indicates that the system is faulty. , sensor faults are represented by the output map , and internal plant faults are represented by the system matrix The upper part of the figure shows a supervisory loop consisting of fault detection and isolation (FDI) and reconfiguration which changes the loop by choosing new input and output signals from {} to reach the control goal,changing the controller internals (including dynamic structure and parameters),adjusting the reference input . Reconfiguration goals[edit] Fault hiding[edit]
List of systems engineers This is a list of notable systems engineers , people who were trained in or practice Systems Engineering , and made notable contributions to this field in theory or practice. [ edit ] A Genrich Altshuller (1926–1998) was a Russian engineer and scientist. [ edit ] B David G. [ edit ] C Boris Chertok ; Rocket Space Corporation "Energy", Moscow, Russia. 2004 Simon Ramo Medal winner for significant contributions to systems engineering and technical leadership of control systems design for the orbiting space station Mir . [ 1 ] Harold Chestnut (1918–2001) was an American electrical engineer and systems engineer, and the first president of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC). [ edit ] E Kitaw Ejigu (1948–2006) was an Ethiopian-American NASA's chief Spacecraft and satellite Systems engineer and research scientist for Rockwell International and Boeing Company, a leading American aircraft and aerospace manufacturer. [ edit ] F [ edit ] G [ edit ] H [ edit ] J Clarance Johnson A. A.
Cybernetic Serendipity Cybernetic Serendipity was an exhibition of cybernetic art curated by Jasia Reichardt, shown at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, from 2 August to 20 October 1968,[1] and then toured across the United States. Two stops in the United States were the Corcoran Annex (Corcoran Gallery of Art), Washington, D.C., from 16 July to 31 August 1969, and the newly opened Exploratorium[2] in San Francisco, from 1 November to 18 December 1969. Content[edit] One part of the exhibition was concerned with algorithms and devices for generating music. Some exhibits were pamphlets describing the algorithms, whilst others showed musical notation produced by computers. Devices made musical effects and played tapes of sounds made by computers. Another part described computer projects such as Gustav Metzger's self-destructive Five Screens With Computer, a design for a new hospital, a computer programmed structure, and dance choreography. Attendance[edit] After-effects[edit] See also[edit]
Regelungstechnik Regelungstechnik ist eine Ingenieurwissenschaft , die die in der Technik vorkommenden Regelungsvorgänge behandelt. Sie ist ein Teilgebiet der Automatisierungstechnik , die selbständig ablaufende Vorgänge durch Messen, Steuern und Regeln ( MSR-Technik ) ermöglicht. Bekannte Anwendungen im Haushalt sind die Heizungsregelung oder der einfache Zweipunktregler im Kühlschrank oder im Bügeleisen . Technisch anspruchsvolle Regelungen sind beispielsweise Autopiloten in Luftfahrt , Schifffahrt und Raumfahrt oder das Antiblockiersystem und der Tempomat in der Kraftfahrzeugtechnik . Die Regelungstechnik befasst sich mit der gezielten Beeinflussung von physikalischen, chemischen, biologischen oder anderen Größen in technischen Systemen . Ein gegebener dynamischen Prozess, beziehungsweise eine Regelstrecke, lässt sich durch eine experimentelle Systemanalyse mittels geeigneter Testsignale und Messung der Systemantwort annäherungsweise als mathematisches Modell ermitteln. Beispiel Erdklima Steuerung
Cybernetical physics Roots of cybernetical physics[edit] Until recently no creative interaction of physics and control theory (cybernetics) had been seen and no control theory methods were directly used for discovering new physical effects and phenomena. The situation dramatically changed in the 1990s when two new areas emerged: control of chaos and quantum control. Control of chaos[edit] In 1990 a paper [1] was published in Physical Review Letters by Edward Ott, Celso Grebogi and James Yorke from the University of Maryland reporting that even small feedback action can dramatically change the behavior of a nonlinear system, e.g., turn chaotic motions into periodic ones and vice versa. Later, a number of other methods were proposed for transforming chaotic trajectories into periodic ones, for example delayed feedback (Pyragas method).[2] Numerous nonlinear and adaptive control methods were also applied for the control of chaos, see surveys in.[3][4][5][6] Quantum control[edit] sec). Control thermodynamics[edit]
Computational cybernetics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques. Though the term Cybernetics entered the technical lexicon in the 1940s and 1950s, it was first used informally as a popular noun in the 1960s, when it became associated with computers, robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Science fiction. The initial promise of cybernetics was that it would revolutionise the mathematical biologies (a blanket term that includes some kinds of AI) by its use of closed loop semantics rather than open loop mathematics to describe and control living systems and biological process behaviours. While Cybernetics is primarily concerned with the study of control systems, computational cybernetics focuses on their automatic (complex, autonomic, flexible, adaptive) operation. See also[edit] References[edit]
Cochlear implant Prosthesis A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. With the help of therapy, cochlear implants may allow for improved speech understanding in both quiet and noisy environments.[1][2] A CI bypasses acoustic hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.[2] Through everyday listening and auditory training, cochlear implants allow both children and adults to learn to interpret those signals as speech and sound.[3][4][5] The implant has two main components. The outside component is generally worn behind the ear, but could also be attached to clothing, for example, in young children. This component, the sound processor, contains microphones, electronics that include digital signal processor (DSP) chips, battery, and a coil that transmits a signal to the implant across the skin. The surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia. Parts[edit]
Complex system This article largely discusses complex systems as a subject of mathematics and the attempts to emulate physical complex systems with emergent properties. For other scientific and professional disciplines addressing complexity in their fields see the complex systems article and references. A complex system is a damped, driven system (for example, a harmonic oscillator) whose total energy exceeds the threshold for it to perform according to classical mechanics but does not reach the threshold for the system to exhibit properties according to chaos theory. History[edit] Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years, the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to conventional fields of science with simple system assumptions, such as physics and chemistry. Types of complex systems[edit] Chaotic systems[edit] For a dynamical system to be classified as chaotic, it must have the following properties:[2]
Closed-loop transfer function Overview[edit] The closed-loop transfer function is measured at the output. The output signal can be calculated from the closed-loop transfer function and the input signal. An example of a closed-loop transfer function is shown below: The summing node and the G(s) and H(s) blocks can all be combined into one block, which would have the following transfer function: is called feedforward transfer function, is called feedback transfer function, and their product is called the Open loop transfer function. Derivation[edit] We define an intermediate signal Z (also known as error signal) shown as follows: Using this figure we write: Now, plug the second equation into the first to eliminate Z(s): Move all the terms with Y(s) to the left hand side, and keep the term with X(s) on the right hand side: Therefore, See also[edit] References[edit] This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C.