Josef Breuer Josef Breuer (German: [ˈbʁɔʏɐ]; 15 January 1842 – 20 June 1925) was a distinguished physician who made key discoveries in neurophysiology, and whose work in the 1880s with his patient Bertha Pappenheim, known as Anna O., developed the talking cure (cathartic method) and laid the foundation to psychoanalysis as developed by his protégé Sigmund Freud.[1] Early life[edit] Born in Vienna, his father, Leopold Breuer, taught religion in Vienna's Jewish community. Neurophysiology[edit] Breuer, working under Ewald Hering at the military medical school in Vienna, was the first to demonstrate the role of the vagus nerve in the reflex nature of respiration. Independent of each other[3] in 1873, Breuer and the physicist and mathematician Ernst Mach discovered how the sense of balance (i.e. the perception of the head’s imbalance) functions: that it is managed by information the brain receives from the movement of a fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Anna O. Family[edit] Works[edit]
Psychopathology Scientific study of mental disorders Psychopathology is the study of abnormal cognition, behaviour, and experiences which differs according to social norms and rests upon a number of constructs that are deemed to be the social norm at any particular era. Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of abnormal cognitions, behaviour and experiences. Child psychopathology is a specialisation applied to children and adolescents. History[edit] Early explanations for mental illnesses were influenced by religious belief and superstition. The Greek physician Hippocrates was one of the first to reject the idea that mental disorders were caused by possession of demons or the devil. Furthermore, not far from Hippocrates, the philosopher Plato would come to argue the mind, body, and spirit worked as a unit. In the eighteenth century's Romantic Movement, the idea that healthy parent-child relationships provided sanity became a prominent idea. Psychoanalysis[edit] See also[edit]
The Interpretation of Dreams The Interpretation of Dreams (German: Die Traumdeutung) is an 1899 book by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in which the author introduces his theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation, and discusses what would later become the theory of the Oedipus complex. Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime The book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. Because of the book's length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. Background[edit] Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue[3] near Grinzing in Austria, where he began the inception of The Interpretation of Dreams. Overview[edit] Sources of dream content[edit] On Dreams[edit] Contents[edit]
Psychoanalytic theory Terminology and definition[edit] "Psychoanalytic and psychoanalytical are used in English. The latter is the older term, and at first simply meant 'relating to the analysis of the human psyche'. But with the emergence of psychoanalysis as a distinct clinical practice, both terms came to describe that. Although both are still used, today, the normal adjective is psychoanalytic.[7] Psychoanalysis is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as A therapeutic method, originated by Sigmund Freud, for treating mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the patient's mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, using techniques such as dream interpretation and free association. Through the scope of a psychoanalytic lens, humans are described as having sexual and aggressive drives. The beginnings[edit] Freud first began his studies on psychoanalysis and in collaboration with Dr. Personality structure[edit] Advantages[edit]
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/;[2] German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[3] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[4] Upon completing his habilitation in 1895, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology in the same year and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.[5][6] Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across the humanities. As such, it continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture.
Humanistic psychology Psychological perspective Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in answer to the limitations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.[1] With its roots running from Socrates through the Renaissance, this approach emphasizes the individual's inherent drive toward self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity. Primarily, this type of therapy encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness that helps the client change their state of mind and behaviour from one set of reactions to a healthier one with more productive self-awareness and thoughtful actions. In an article from the Association for Humanistic Psychology, the benefits of humanistic therapy are described as having a "crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. Origins[edit] Conceptual origins[edit] Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of their parts.
Amedeo Giorgi Career[edit] Giorgi received his PhD in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1958. After working as a human factors consultant to government and industry for several years, Giorgi moved into an academic career, beginning at Manhattan College, followed by Duquesne University, and later the University of Quebec at Montreal.[1] He is a professor at Saybrook University in San Francisco, with which he has been associated since 1986.[citation needed] Becoming critical of mainstream psychology after obtaining his PhD, Giorgi began to seek alternative approaches to the study of psychological material. In May 2010, he was the invited speaker of the annual conference of the Interdisciplinary Coalition of North American Phenomenologists.[7] References[edit]
Descriptive phenomenological method in psychology Theoretical perspective [edit] An important aspect of the descriptive phenomenological method in psychology is the way by which it distinguishes itself from those approaches that are strictly interpretive.[9] In this, Giorgi closely follows Husserl who proposes that "being given and being interpreted are descriptions of the same situation from two different levels of discourse."[10] As such, in the Descriptive Phenomenological Method there are both descriptive and interpretive moments, but the researcher remains careful to attend to each type of act in unique ways. Through a sort of empathic immersion with the subjects and their descriptions, the researchers get a sense of the ways that the experiences given by the participants were actually lived, which is in turn described. Another form of Descriptive phenomenological method in psychology was proposed by Paul Colaizzi. Phenomenological intuition The Colaizzi method for data analysis proceeds as follows: