-Medicine – Marine Envenomation - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Marine Envenomation Marine envenomation refers to poisoning caused by the sting or bite of marine vertebrate or invertebrate species. These injuries occur in a wide variety of aquatic environments and range from mild local reactions to rapidly fatal systemic toxicity. Common causative organisms include sponges, jellyfish, echinoderms, mollusks, fish, and sea snakes, each producing distinct clinical syndromes based on venom type and mechanism of delivery. The etiology varies by species. Sponges contain sharp spicules coated with irritants that penetrate the skin and cause dermatitis. -Medicine – Marine Envenomation - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Mandibular Fractures - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Mandibular Fractures Mandibular fractures most commonly result from a direct force to the jaw and represent the third most frequent facial fracture after nasal and zygomatic fractures.
The angle of the mandible is the most commonly fractured site, followed by the condyle, molar, and mental regions, while fractures of the mandibular symphysis are rare due to its thickness. Because the mandible forms a ring-like structure, multiple fractures occur in more than half of cases, and bilateral fractures are particularly common in motor vehicle accidents.
Open fractures are frequent, often presenting with lacerations of the overlying gingiva. The etiology of mandibular fractures includes motor vehicle accidents, interpersonal violence, contact sports, and industrial injuries. Patients are frequently intoxicated at the time of injury, which may limit the accuracy of the clinical history. -Medicine – Mandibular Fractures - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Intestinal Malrotation - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Intestinal Malrotation Intestinal malrotation is a congenital condition resulting from incomplete rotation and fixation of the intestine during embryogenesis, specifically during the transition from the extracolonic position around the tenth week of gestation.
It is commonly associated with heterotaxia syndromes and frequently occurs alongside other congenital anomalies. Gastrointestinal associations include duodenal stenosis or atresia, duodenal web, Meckel diverticulum, intussusception, gastroesophageal reflux, omphalocele, gastroschisis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, abdominal wall defects, and Hirschsprung disease. Congenital cardiac anomalies are present in approximately 27% of patients and significantly increase morbidity. -Medicine – Intestinal Malrotation - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited form of kidney disease and represents a systemic genetic disorder. It is caused predominantly by sequence variations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, which account for approximately 93% of cases.
These genetic changes result in progressive formation and enlargement of fluid-filled cysts, mainly in the kidneys, but also in other organs such as the liver and pancreas. In addition to renal involvement, ADPKD is associated with gastrointestinal, connective tissue, and cardiovascular abnormalities. ADPKD follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. It affects individuals of all ethnic groups worldwide and is the most common hereditary cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
-Medicine – Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) refers to a group of disorders characterized by autoimmune-mediated functional impairment of multiple endocrine glands occurring in specific patterns. These conditions are also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome or autoimmune polyglandular failure and include autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) and type 2 (APS-2).
The ICD-10-CM code for autoimmune polyglandular failure is E31.0. APS-1 may occur at any stage of life but most commonly presents in early childhood or early adulthood. Clinical expression is highly variable, even among family members. Its estimated prevalence is about 1 in 100,000 in most countries, with much higher rates in genetically isolated populations such as Finland, Sardinia, and Persian Jewish communities. -Medicine – Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Autoimmune Hepatitis - kembara Xtra.
KembaraXtra-Medicine – Autoimmune Hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated inflammatory liver disease marked by elevated serum gamma globulins (especially IgG), characteristic circulating autoantibodies, and typical biopsy findings of interface hepatitis with plasma cell–rich inflammation, after other causes of hepatitis have been excluded. There are two main types. Type 1 AIH is the most common worldwide (about 90%) and can occur at any age; it is often associated with antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and/or smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), and sometimes anti–soluble liver antigen (anti-SLA) or anti–liver-pancreas (anti-LP) antibodies. Type 2 AIH is less common (up to 10%), mainly affects children and young adolescents, and is typically associated with anti-LKM-1 or anti-LC1 antibodies, while ANA and SMA are usually absent; it often presents more acutely and may be harder to treat, with frequent relapse requiring long-term maintenance therapy.
-Medicine – Autoimmune Hepatitis - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a condition in which autoantibodies and/or complement bind to red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their premature destruction. About half of cases are primary (idiopathic), while the rest are secondary to underlying diseases or drugs.
AIHA is commonly categorized into warm antibody–mediated disease (usually IgG, reacting best at 37°C), cold antibody–mediated disease (typically IgM with complement), and drug-induced immune hemolysis. AIHA is uncommon, with an annual incidence of about 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 people and an estimated mortality around 10%. It is reported more often in women younger than 50 years. Patients most commonly present with fatigue and dyspnea. -Medicine – Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Autism Spectrum Disorder - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder that includes a range of developmental disabilities. It is defined by early-appearing social-communication difficulties and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
ASD describes a constellation of social communication deficits and repetitive sensorimotor behaviors, often with a strong genetic component and sometimes other identifiable causes. Outcomes today are generally better than decades ago, with more individuals able to communicate, learn, and live in the community, though many still require ongoing support into adulthood. Clinicians play an important role by helping families access evaluations, referrals, and community resources, and by anticipating major transitions such as starting school and moving into adult services. Diagnosis is based on DSM-5-TR or ICD-11 criteria. -Medicine – Autism Spectrum Disorder - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity.
Symptoms begin in childhood, persist for at least six months, and cause functional impairment across multiple settings such as home, school, or social environments. ADHD is also referred to as attention deficit disorder (ADD), hyperactivity, or attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity. Diagnostic classifications include ICD-11 codes (6A05 series) and DSM-5 presentations that are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, or combined. ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, affecting approximately 9%–15% of school-age children, up to 14% of adolescents, and 3%–5% of adults. -Medicine – Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atrioventricular Dissociation - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atrioventricular Dissociation Atrioventricular (AV) dissociation means there is no consistent relationship between atrial activity and ventricular activity—the atria and ventricles are functioning independently.
This is an umbrella concept rather than a single diagnosis, because AV dissociation can appear in several different rhythm problems, including slow rhythms (bradycardias), complete heart block, and fast rhythms (tachycardias) such as ventricular tachycardia or situations where an atrial rhythm coexists with an accelerated junctional rhythm or AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. AV dissociation is sometimes referred to as complete AV block or third-degree AV block, and it is associated with the ICD-10CM code I44.2 (Atrioventricular block, complete). Its overall “prevalence” depends on how common the underlying conditions are that produce AV dissociation, rather than AV dissociation being counted as one separate disease on its own. -Medicine – Atrioventricular Dissociation - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atrial Septal Defect - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atrial Septal Defect An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital or iatrogenic defect in the atrial septum that creates an abnormal communication between the left and right atria, resulting in interatrial shunting of blood.
This shunt is typically left to right due to higher left atrial pressures, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and right-sided volume overload. ASDs are distinct from a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which represents postnatal failure of closure of a normal fetal structure rather than a true defect in septal formation. PFOs occur in approximately 20% to 25% of the adult population, whereas ASDs represent abnormal septal development established in utero. ASDs are classified based on their anatomic location. Ostium primum defects occur in the inferior portion of the atrial septum due to failure of fusion of the septum primum with the endocardial cushions and are often associated with a cleft anterior mitral leaflet. -Medicine – Atrial Septal Defect - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atrial Myxoma - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atrial Myxoma Atrial myxoma is a benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin and represents the most common primary tumor of the heart.
Although histologically benign, atrial myxomas are clinically significant because their size, mobility, and intracardiac location can lead to serious and sometimes life-threatening complications. They are most commonly referred to as cardiac myxomas. Primary cardiac tumors are extremely rare, with an autopsy prevalence ranging from 0.001% to 0.3%, and metastatic tumors occur far more frequently than primary tumors.
Among primary cardiac tumors, myxomas account for 30% to 50% of benign cases. -Medicine – Atrial Myxoma - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atrial Fibrillation - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atrial Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by chaotic atrial electrical activity and ineffective atrial contraction, resulting in an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm. It develops when structural or electrophysiologic abnormalities of the atria promote abnormal impulse formation or conduction. Ventricular rate depends on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction, which is influenced by autonomic tone, medications, and intrinsic AV nodal disease. AF is classified by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) into paroxysmal AF, which terminates spontaneously or with intervention within seven days; persistent AF, which lasts longer than seven days and includes early persistent AF (7 days to less than 3 months) and long-standing persistent AF (more than 1 year); and permanent AF, in which both patient and clinician decide not to pursue rhythm restoration.
-Medicine – Atrial Fibrillation - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by intense itching and recurrent eczematous flares. It is commonly associated with a personal or family history of allergic diseases such as asthma, food allergies, and allergic rhinitis, a constellation referred to as atopy.
The disease typically presents early in life, with many cases beginning within the first year, most often between three and six months of age. Children with widespread atopic dermatitis are at increased risk of later developing asthma and allergic rhinitis, a progression known as the atopic march. Although common in childhood, atopic dermatitis may persist into adulthood or recur after periods of remission. Clinically, atopic dermatitis evolves through acute, subacute, and chronic phases. Acute disease presents with erythematous papules or plaques that may ooze and crust. -Medicine – Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Atelectasis - kembara Xtra. KembaraXtra-Medicine – Atelectasis Atelectasis refers to the collapse of part or all of the lung, resulting in loss of lung volume.
It is broadly classified into two major types. Obstructive atelectasis, the most common form, occurs when an airway is blocked, such as by a mucus plug, foreign body, or tumor, leading to resorption of air in the alveoli beyond the obstruction. Nonobstructive atelectasis occurs without airway blockage and may result from external compression (for example, pleural effusion), surfactant abnormalities, lung scarring, or reduced ventilation of part of the lung. Atelectasis is frequently seen in postoperative patients, individuals with lung or chest wall injury, and those receiving mechanical ventilation.
Dependent regions of the lung are particularly prone to collapse. Prior asbestos exposure is associated with a characteristic form known as rounded atelectasis. There is no clear racial or sex predilection. -Medicine – Atelectasis - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Astrocytoma - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Astrocytoma - kembara Xtra. -Medicine – Asthma–COPD Overlap (ACO) - kembara Xtra.
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