António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas. António Luís de Sousa, 4th Count of Prado and 2nd Marquess of Minas (April 6, 1644 – December 25, 1721) was a Portuguese general and governor-general of the Portuguese colony of Brazil. He was the son of Dom Francisco, the first Marquês das Minas, and his second wife D. Eufrásia Filipa de Lima. From a very young age on, he was destined for a military career. At the age of 14, he was present with his father at the Battle of the Lines of Elvas. Between 1684 and 1687 he was governor-general of Brazil.
In 1687 he returned to Portugal and was appointed counsellor of war. At the outbreak of the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1715), King Peter II of Portugal initially supported France but on May 16, 1703, Portugal and England signed the Methuen Treaty. Minas was sent to the border to prepare the Portuguese army for war, but in 1704 the Franco-Spanish troops attacked first. In 1706 de Tessé was beaten near Barcelona, and it became apparent that the border with Portugal was unprotected. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father, Leopold I. Charles sought the other European powers' approval.
They exacted harsh terms: Britain demanded that Austria abolish its overseas trading company.[1] In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony-Poland, the Dutch Republic, Spain,[2] Venice,[3] States of the Church,[3] Prussia,[4] Russia,[3] Denmark,[4] Savoy-Sardinia,[4] Bavaria,[4] and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire[4] recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. Charles died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years. Biography[edit] Early years[edit] Charles VI, 1721. George Rooke.
Early life[edit] In May 1692 Rooke served under Russell at the Battle of Barfleur and greatly distinguished himself in a night attack on the French fleet at La Hogue, when he succeeded in burning twelve of the enemy's ships.[1] He was knighted shortly afterwards.[1] War of the Spanish Succession[edit] On account of his health, Rooke retired from the service in February 1705 and returned to his estate at St Lawrence near Canterbury, where he died in 1709.[1] In 2004 a statue of Rooke was erected to his memory at Gibraltar as part of the 300th anniversary celebration of the capture of Gibraltar. References[edit] References[edit] Hattendorf, John B. Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Further reading[edit] Rooke, Sir George (1897). Hattendorf, John B., (2000). Anthonie Heinsius. Anthonie Heinsius Anthonie (or Antonius) Heinsius (November 23, 1641, Delft – August 3, 1720, The Hague) was a Dutch statesman who served as Grand Pensionary of Holland from 1689 to his death in 1720. Life[edit] Heinsius was born at Delft on 23 November 1641, son of a wealthy merchant and patrician. In 1679 he became pensionary for Delft in the States of Holland and in 1687 he became a member of the board of the Delft chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
In 1682 he was appointed special negotiator to France by stadholder William III of Orange. His mission was to see if anything could be done about the occupation of the Principality of Orange by Louis XIV. Grand Pensionary[edit] He became Grand Pensionary of the States of Holland, and thereby the most powerful man in the Estates-General of the Netherlands, on 27 May 1689,[1] when William III became king of England and had to move to London.
Sources[edit] The Correspondence of Anthonie Heinsius, 1702-1720, edited by A. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. Early life (1650–78)[edit] Ashe House[edit] Early military experience[edit] James, Duke of York by Peter Lely, 1665. James, later King James II, was Marlborough's early patron. Back in London by February 1671, Churchill's handsome features and manner – described by Lord Chesterfield as "irresistible to either man or woman" – had soon attracted the ravenous attentions of one of the King's most noteworthy mistresses, Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland.[12] But his liaisons with the insatiable temptress were indeed dangerous. One account has it that upon the King's appearance Churchill leapt out of his lover's bed and hid in the cupboard, but the King, himself wily in such matters, soon discovered young Churchill who promptly fell to his knees – "You are a rascal," said Charles, "but I forgive you because you do it to get your bread.
Marriage and family[edit] On his return to St. John and Sarah had the following children: Years of crises (1678–1700)[edit] Diplomatic service[edit] Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714)[1] became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne. Anne was plagued by ill-health throughout her life. Early life[edit] Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde.[2] Her father was the younger brother of King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon.
Marriage[edit] "Glorious Revolution"[edit] Guido Starhemberg. Guido von Starhemberg Guido Wald Rüdiger, count of Starhemberg; (Graz, 1657 – Vienna, 7 March 1737) was an Austrian military officer. He was a cousin of Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1638-1701), the famous commander of Vienna during the Turkish siege of 1683, and acted as his ADC during the siege. Guido followed his cousin, and later Prince Eugene of Savoy, in battles against the Turks. In the War of the Spanish Succession Starhemberg fought in Italy and Spain. Between 1706 and 1708 he was the commander-in-chief of the imperial army in Hungary, since this time he led the operations against the insurgents of Francis II Rákóczi.
Together with James Stanhope he succeeded in conquering Madrid in 1710, after the victories of Almenar and Saragossa. But in December he was forced to leave the city by the lack of support by the people of Madrid for the Habsburg pretender. After the Peace of Utrecht (1713), archduke Charles, now Emperor Charles VI, ordered him to abandon Catalonia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden. Family[edit] Born in Paris, Louis was a son of Hereditary Prince Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden-Baden and his French wife Louise of Savoy. His godfather was Louis XIV of France. His father was the elder son of Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden-Baden, whom he pre-deceased, leaving Louis to succeed as reigning Margrave of Baden and head of the Catholic branch of the House of Zähringen.
His mother's brother was the Count of Soissons, father of the renowned general Prince Eugene of Savoy, in whose military shadow Louis would live and fight, although the cousins would also be allied in service to the Holy Roman Emperor against the French. His parents being estranged, he was kidnapped as a child from his mother's home in Paris and re-patriated to Germany, where he was raised by his paternal step-grandmother. Military career[edit] Louis William, Margrave of Baden. Louis William served first under Raimondo Montecuccoli against Turenne, and then under the duke of Lorraine.
Marriage and children[edit] Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; Hungarian: I. Lipót; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Croatia and King of Bohemia. The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain, Leopold became heir apparent in 1654 by the death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1658, Leopold would rule as such until his death in 1705. Leopold's reign is known for the conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the east, and the rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and first cousin, in the west.
After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious from the Great Turkish War thanks to military talents of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Leopold fought three wars against France – the Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Early years[edit] Seal of Leopold I Born on 9 June 1640 in Vienna, Leopold received a careful education by excellent teachers. Prince Eugene of Savoy. Prince Eugene of Savoy (French: François-Eugène de Savoie, German: Eugen von Savoyen, Italian: Principe Eugenio di Savoia-Carignano; 18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736), was one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history, rising to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna.
Born in Paris, Eugene grew up around the French court of King Louis XIV. Based on his poor physique and bearing, the Prince was initially prepared for a career in the church, but by the age of 19 he had determined on a military career. Rejected by Louis XIV for service in the French army, Eugene moved to Austria and transferred his loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy. Early life (1663–99)[edit] Hôtel de Soissons[edit] Genealogy of Prince Eugene. Prince Eugene was born in the Hôtel de Soissons in Paris on 18 October 1663. The King remained strongly attached to Olympia, so much so that many believed them to be lovers;[2] but her scheming eventually led to her downfall. Zenta[edit] Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. Joseph I (26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1705 until his death in 1711.
He was the eldest son of Emperor Leopold I from his third wife, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg. Joseph was crowned King of Hungary at the age of nine in 1687, and King in Germany at the age of eleven in 1690. He succeeded to the imperial throne and that of Bohemia when his father died. Joseph continued the War of the Spanish Succession, begun by his father, against Louis XIV of France, in a fruitless attempt to make his younger brother Charles (later Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor) King of Spain; in the process, however, owing to the victories won by his military commander, Prince Eugene of Savoy, he did succeed in establishing Austrian hegemony over Italy. His motto was Amore et Timore (Latin for "Through Love and Fear").[2] Early life[edit] Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich Otto von Salm and became a good linguist. Military service[edit] Holy Roman Emperor[edit] F. Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Earl of Galway Henri de Massue, 2nd Marquis de Ruvigny, afterward Earl of Galway PC (9 April 1648 – 3 September 1720) was a French Huguenot soldier and diplomat who was influential in the English service in the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession.
Biography[edit] Massue was born in Paris. He was the son of the 1st Marquis de Ruvigny, a distinguished French diplomat, and a relative of Rachel, the wife of William Russell, Lord Russell. He was a soldier and served in the French army under Turenne, who thought very highly of him. Probably on account of his English connections he was selected in 1678 by Louis XIV to carry out the secret negotiations for a compact with Charles II, a difficult mission which he executed with great skill. In July 1691 he distinguished himself at the battle of Aughrim, and in 1692 he was for a time commander-in-chief in Ireland. References[edit]