High blood sugar levels
More and more people in Germany have difficulties with permanently elevated blood sugar levels. The complaints are often a result of lifestyle and with the help of a few preventive measures, it is relatively easy to avoid high blood sugar. If no countermeasures are taken, the long-term risk of developing a diabetes disease with more serious health consequences.
Definition of high blood sugar
Blood glucose is usually referred to as glucose (glucose) in the blood, whereby the blood sugar or glucose level (proportion of glucose in the blood) can be classified as an important medical measurement. Because glucose forms an essential source of energy in the organism, which the brain, as well as the red blood cells and the kidney marrow need for energy generation. To supply the brain, glucose is also able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
The normal values of blood sugar vary during the day with meals, with 70 to 99 milligrams per deciliter or 3.9 to 5.5 millimoles per liter being assessed as normal on an empty stomach. After a carbohydrate-rich meal, normal values can go up to a maximum of 160 milligrams per deciliter (8.9 millimoles per liter). Other definitions give values from 50 to 100 mg / dl on an empty stomach and a maximum of 140 mg / dl after a meal. If the blood sugar level is above the above figures, this should be classified as high blood sugar. The technical term for high blood sugar is hyperglycemia .
Causes of high blood sugar
If the blood sugar is permanently elevated, it is usually based on diabetes , which results in impaired processing of the carbohydrates consumed through food. The lack of insulin and / or an impaired effect of the hormone disturbs the regulation of the glucose level in the organism, since insulin plays a decisive role in lowering the blood sugar concentration.
If there is not enough insulin available, blood sugar levels rise significantly more than normal after meals and remain permanently high. If the values are above 126 milligrams per deciliter (seven millimoles per liter) even on an empty stomach (at least eight hours without food intake), this is a relatively clear indication of diabetes. If symptoms such as persistent thirst, frequent urination, an increased susceptibility to infection or a considerable weight loss occur within a few months, diabetes can be safely assumed. Diabetes mellitus is a collective term for various disorders of the (sugar) metabolism, the key feature of which is excessive blood
Diseases of the pancreas, which damage the function of the organ, can also lead to increased blood sugar, since the pancreas is responsible for the production of insulin. Inflammation of the pancreas, pancreatic carcinoma ( pancreatic cancer ), injury to the organ or damage caused by iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) can also cause excessive blood sugar. The same applies to impairments of pancreatic function in the case of cystic fibrosis (cystic fibrosis) and the relatively rarely required surgical removal of the organ.
High blood sugar - health risks
When it comes to the health risks of high blood sugar, all possible impairments of diabetes have to be mentioned. Above all, the damage to the blood vessels due to the permanently elevated blood sugar and the high blood pressure that occurs in most patients play a special role here. They are also the reason why diabetes patients are at a significantly increased risk of stroke, heart attacks, coronary heart diseases and other secondary diseases. It is therefore strongly recommended that those affected regularly check their blood pressure.
If the blood sugar level is permanently too high, kidney diseases up to acute kidney failure and damage to the peripheral nervous system are also promoted. Another consequence is damage to the retina called diabetic retinopathy, caused by so-called microangiopathy (disease of the small blood vessels). In the long term, retinopathy can cause significant impairment of vision and, in the worst case, complete blindness. A cure is not possible in diabetic retinopathy, but there are various therapeutic approaches that can significantly delay the course of the disease.
Regulation of blood sugar levels
The hormone insulin makes an important contribution to the regulation of blood sugar levels. It determines the breakdown of glucose by promoting the storage of blood sugar in the cells, using the excess blood sugar to build up the energy store glycogen (especially in the liver) and inhibiting the production of glucose from protein fragments. Insulin is the most important hormone for the utilization and storage of blood sugar, whereby it also makes a significant contribution to the build-up of adipose tissue.
An excessively high blood sugar usually results from an insufficient distribution or an impaired function of the insulin. However, other hormones also contribute to the regulation of blood sugar. For example, glucagon often also plays an important role in high blood sugar levels. Glucagon increases blood sugar, among other things by promoting the breakdown of the glucose storage glycogen to glucose. Furthermore, glucagon stimulates the production of glucose from protein fragments and promotes fat loss, whereby the fat is also converted into glucose. Elevated blood sugar levels could also be due to excessive glucagon release.
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