The Ninety-Five Theses. The Ninety-Five Theses (original Latin: Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum) were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences. Background[edit] Luther's Ninety-Five Theses centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution. Significantly, the Theses reject the validity of indulgences (remissions of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven).
They also view with great cynicism the practice of indulgences being sold, and thus the penance for sin representing a financial transaction rather than genuine contrition. All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Saxony, in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Ninety-Five Theses famously appeared, held one of Europe's largest collections of holy relics. Initial dissemination[edit] [edit] See also[edit] John Calvin. John Calvin was born in 1509. He died in 1564. John Calvin was the son of a lawyer. He was born in Noyon, Picardy and was therefore a Frenchman. Calvin developed a love for scholarship and literature. In 1523 he went to the University of Paris where he studied theology. To maintain himself while a student, Calvin secured a small chaplaincy attached to Noyon Cathedral. In 1528 he went to Orleans to study Law, and one year later Calvin went to Bourges also to study Law.
Calvin was pressurised by his father to study Law but in 1531 his father died giving Calvin the freedom to resume his religious studies. In the same year that his father died, Calvin went to the College de France in Paris to study Greek. At some point between 1528 and 1533 he experienced a "sudden conversion" and grasped Protestantism. Many historians look on the time from 1531 to 1533 as being the key time as this was the first time that he had been free from his father’s ‘shackles’. Geneva was a French-speaking Swiss city. Martin Luther. Martin Luther had a small head-start on Tyndale, as Luther declared his intolerance for the Roman Church’s corruption on Halloween in 1517 , by nailing his 95 Theses of Contention to the Wittenberg Church door. Luther, who would be exiled in the months following the Diet of Worms Council in 1521 that was designed to martyr him, would translate the New Testament into German for the first time from the 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus, and publish it in September of 1522 .
Luther also published a German Pentateuch in 1523 , and another edition of the German New Testament in 1529 . In the 1530’s he would go on to publish the entire Bible in German. Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther's early life Martin Luther’s father owned a copper mine in nearby Mansfeld.
Here I Stand. Pope Paul III. Pope Paul III AKA Alessandro Farnese Born: 29-Feb-1468Birthplace: Canino, ItalyDied: 10-Nov-1549Location of death: Rome, ItalyCause of death: unspecified Gender: MaleReligion: Roman CatholicRace or Ethnicity: WhiteOccupation: Religion Nationality: ItalyExecutive summary: Roman Catholic Pope, 1534-49 Paul III, given name Alessandro Farnese, Roman Catholic Pope from 1534 to 1549, Was born on the 28th of February 1468, of an old and distinguished family. As a pupil of the famous Pomponius Laetus, and, subsequently, as a member of the circle of Cosmo de Medici, he received a finished education.
From Florence he passed to Rome, and became the father of at least two children, later legitimized. The pontificate of Paul III forms a turning point in the history of the papacy. But in the matter of a general council, so urgently desired by the emperor, Paul showed himself irresolute and procrastinating. Paul is gifted and cultured, a lover and patron of art. St. Ignatius Loyola. Youngest son of Don Beltrán Yañez de Oñez y Loyola and Marina Saenz de Lieona y Balda (the name López de Recalde, though accepted by the Bollandist Father Pien, is a copyist's blunder). Born in 1491 at the castle of Loyola above Azpeitia in Guipuscoa; died at Rome, 31 July, 1556. The family arms are: per pale, or, seven bends gules (? Vert) for Oñez; argent, pot and chain sable between two grey wolves rampant, for Loyola. The saint was baptized Iñigo, after St. Conversion (1491-1521) At an early age he was made a cleric.
So far Ignatius had shown none but the ordinary virtues of the Spanish officer. Spiritual formation (1522-24) When Ignatius left Loyola he had no definite plans for the future, except that he wished to rival all the saints had done in the way of penance. It was at this time, too, that he began to make notes of his spiritual experiences, notes which grew into the little book of "The Spiritual Exercises".
Studies and companions (1521-39) Counter-Reformation (religious history. Alternate titles: Catholic Reformation; Catholic Revival Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation, or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal; the Counter-Reformation took place during roughly the same period as the Protestant Reformation, actually (according to some sources) beginning shortly before Martin Luther’s act of nailing the Ninety-Five Theses to the church door (1517).
Early calls for reform grew out of criticism of the worldly attitudes and policies of the Renaissance popes and many of the clergy. New religious orders and other groups ... (100 of 552 words) Renaissance. The influence of antiquity The term "Renaissance" means "rebirth. " It refers to the renewed interest in the culture of antiquity and the revival of ancient philosophical views that were typical of the time. Although many ancient works were known in the Middle Ages, people of the Renaissance discovered numerous new works and interpreted familiar ones in new ways. In most intellectual and artistic endeavors--philosophy, literature, drama, architecture, sculpture, and painting--ancient models were profoundly influential on the creations of the Renaissance.
Counter-Reformation. A copy of the Vulgate (the Latin edition of the Catholic Bible) printed in 1590, after many of the Council's reforms had begun to take place in Catholic worship. The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurationReligious ordersSpiritual movementsPolitical dimensions Council of Trent[edit] A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving.
Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. Religious orders[edit] Politics: The Netherlands[edit] The Reformation and Counter Reformation.
The Reformation and Counter Reformation Europe's Search For Stability The Reformation was the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century; its greatest leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. The world of the late medieval Catholic Church from which the 16th-century reformers emerged was a complex one. The Reformation of the 16th century was not unprecedented. The Reformation movement within Germany diversified almost immediately, and other reform movements arose independently of Luther.
From the group surrounding Zwingli emerged those more radical than himself. The Reformation spread to other European countries over the course of the 16th century. In England the Reformation's roots were primarily political rather than religious. The age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance . Renaissance . Counter Reformation. Throughout the middle ages the Catholic Church sunk deeper into a pit of scandal and corruption. By the 1520s, Martin Luther's ideas crystallized opposition to the Church, and Christian Europe was torn apart. In response, the Catholic Church set in motion the counter-reformation. An era of strict conformity and accompanying terror had begun. During the reign of Pope Leo X, discontent amongst Catholics in Europe was at an all-time high.
The sale by the Pope of indulgences, a guarantee of salvation, was the last straw. The challenge from Luther caught the Pope by surprise. In 1545, the leaders of the Catholic Church gathered in the Northern Italian city of Trent for an emergency conference. After 20-years of debate, the Council of Trent established the basis for a Catholic counter-attack. The “Index of Forbidden Books” was published, naming and shaming 583 heretical texts, including most translations of the Bible and the works of Erasmus, Calvin and Luther.