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Les traites négrières et l'esclavage
America's History in the Making — Resource Archive
+ Display larger image Thomas Branagan, IRON MASK, COLLAR, LEG SHACKLES AND SPURS USED TO RESTRICT SLAVES in The Penitential Tyrant (1807). Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Many historians of slavery have emphasized the cruel and violent nature of the institution.
Mapping the Republic of Letters
What is the Republic of Letters? When early modern scholars (from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment) described the broadest community to which they belonged, they most frequently called this international community of scholars the “Republic of Letters.” "Recent scholarship has established that intellectuals across Europe came to see themselves, in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as citizens of a transnational intellectual society—a Republic of Letters in which speech was free, rank depended on ability and achievement rather than birth, and scholars, philosophers and scientists could find common ground in intellectual inquiry even if they followed different faiths and belonged to different nations." Anthony Grafton
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nouveau programme de 4e Histoire
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