Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

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Ruby Bridges At the tender age of six, Ruby Bridges advanced the cause of civil rights in November 1960 when she became the first African American student to integrate an elementary school in the South. Born on September 8, 1954, Bridges was the oldest of five children for Lucille and Abon Bridges, farmers in Tylertown, Mississippi. When Ruby was two years old, her parents moved their family to New Orleans, Louisiana in search of better work opportunities. Ruby’s birth year coincided with the US Supreme Court’s landmark ruling in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, which ended racial segregation in public schools. Nonetheless, southern states continued to resist integration, and in 1959, Ruby attended a segregated New Orleans kindergarten. Her parents were torn about whether to let her attend the all-white William Frantz Elementary School, a few blocks from their home. Ruby and her mother were escorted by four federal marshals to the school every day that year.

The End of the Movement Library of Congress: Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) : A Long Struggle for Freedom | Exhibitions The Day They Changed Their Minds. New York: NAACP, March, 1960. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (107.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP The NAACP’s legal strategy against segregated education culminated in the 1954 Supreme Court’s landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. In the summer of 1955, a surge of anti-black violence included the kidnapping and brutal murder of fourteen-year-old Emmett Till, a crime that provoked widespread and assertive protests from black and white Americans. During 1956, a group of Southern senators and congressmen signed the “Southern Manifesto,” vowing resistance to racial integration by all “lawful means.” Hundreds of demonstrations erupted in cities and towns across the nation. On June 19, 1963, the president sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress. See timeline for this period Roy Wilkins NAACP’s Longest Serving Leader Roy Wilkins (1901−1981) was born in St. A Fact Sheet on Cloture Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

George Floyd's death highlights US struggle with racial tensions It’s happened again. Another black man has died at the hands of a white police officer, and Americans are again in mourning. The official account from Minneapolis police was short and lacked detail. An allegation of forgery. The suspect — a man who appeared to be “under the influence”, “who physically resisted officers”, and who appeared to be “suffering medical distress”. Mass protest as Minneapolis rocked by fatal police arrest But the video that emerged hours later told a drastically different story. For nine excruciating minutes, the officer continued to hold his handcuffed victim firmly against the concrete as bystanders called on him to stop. Repeated pleas for air by the alleged suspect — “I cannot breathe, I cannot breathe” — also went ignored. The face of this latest act of police brutality is 46-year-old George Floyd. The video, captured by a passer-by, went viral on social media. It gives the public a chance to play judge and jury in cases that could get swept under the carpet.

Black History Month: Celebration or segregation? | The Queens Chronicle For many people, Black History Month is a time for celebration and reflection. For many other people – like myself – it is a reminder that the segregation and division of races is still in place today. Black History Month orginated as “Negro History Week” in 1926, a time when it was arguably absolutly necessary to define and recognize the accomplishment of African-Americans when others that did their most to supress them. Is “black” history not American history? One of the ways chosen to celebrate Black History Month here on campus has been to dedicate a wall in Trexler to the fact that “Black Girls Rock.” This may make many people angry, but I view black men and women as human beings – no less or no more important that anyone else. In no way is this meant to diminish the accomplishments and greatness of those people celebrated during Black History Month, but rather to promote the ideals of unity within all racial groups.

5 Reasons the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Is Just as Relevant Today Sixty-two years ago this month, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sex or national origin. Prior to the Act of 1964, African-Americans faced enormous challenges that were permissible by law including: discrimination in employment, less access to quality housing, disenfranchisement, as well as continued struggles to integrate public schools 10 years after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. One of the greatest achievements of the civil rights movement, the Civil Rights Act led to greater social and economic mobility for African-Americans across the nation and banned racial discrimination, providing greater access to resources for women, religious minorities, African-Americans and low-income families. Despite the tremendous progress our country has made since 1964, the Civil Rights Act must continue to shape our nation’s definition of and access to equal opportunity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Britannica.com |Freedom Rides | American civil rights movement Freedom Rides, in U.S. history, a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961. In 1946 the U.S. Supreme Court banned segregation in interstate bus travel. A year later the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation tested the ruling by staging the Journey of Reconciliation, on which an interracial group of activists rode together on a bus through the upper South, though fearful of journeying to the Deep South. American civil rights movement Events The Freedom Riders encountered violence in South Carolina, but in Alabama the reaction was much more severe. Thereafter National Guard support was provided when 27 Freedom Riders continued on to Jackson, Mississippi, only to be arrested and jailed.

Martin Luther King III reflects on father's legacy amid George Floyd protests Amid nationwide protests following the death of George Floyd, Martin Luther King III, son of the famed civil rights activist, is speaking out about what his father would make of today's racial tensions. Joining Sunday TODAY's Willie Geist, King explained that he believes his father living past 1968, when he was shot and killed at a sanitation workers' strike, would've drastically changed the criminal justice system. "My father, I believe, and none of us can speak for him, but certainly through his words, he always had compassion, and so compassion would certainly be in order," he began. "But ... I just believe that had my father lived, we wouldn't be even dealing with these issues. King continued: "We would have a criminal system that is just ... Trending stories,celebrity news and all the best of TODAY. "It is just for some, but it is not just for everyone," he added. "We're seeing and feeling the frustration, the humiliation, the insensitivity," King explained.

I Have A Dream Speech Martin Luther King Jr. is celebrated today, Jan. 17, 2011, just two days after he would have turned 82 years old. It’s a great day to revisit the “I Have A Dream” speech he delivered in 1963 in Washington, D.C. Scroll down to read the text in full below. Want to see MLK Jr. himself deliver the “I Have A Dream” speech? I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Nine were the nine African-American students involved in the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. Their entrance into the school in 1957 sparked a nationwide crisis when Arkansas governor Orval Faubus, in defiance of a federal court order, called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the Nine from entering. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by federalizing the National Guard and sending in units of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne Division to escort the Nine into the school on September 25, 1957. The military presence remained for the duration of the school year. Before transferring to Central, the Nine attended segregated schools for black students in Little Rock (Pulaski County). On May 24, 1955, the Little Rock School Board adopted a plan for gradual integration, known as the Blossom Plan (also known as the Little Rock Phase Program). The Nine remained at home for more than two weeks, trying to keep up with their schoolwork as best they could.

4. Segregation in the USA - The English Website Segregation in the USA If you get a chance, I advise you to watch these films which will help you understand the historical context of the situation of black people in the USA 12 Years a Slave - Steve McQueen Mississippi Burning - Gene Hackman The Butler - Lee Daniels The Help - Tate Taylor Selma - David Oyelowo Have a look at this "Portraits" of Nation Heroes in the USA How are they pictured, portrayed and represented ? Why? Give your description and analysis of these portraits. What can you know and imagine from these representations. Rosa Parks Watch this biography : 1. make a Spidergram about this woman's life 2. Watch this second biography : 1. make a Spidergram about this man's life 2. For your information, here is an extract of the US Declaration of Independence "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." (Production orale en continu)