Model Theory 1. Basic notions of model theory Sometimes we write or speak a sentence S that expresses nothing either true or false, because some crucial information is missing about what the words mean. If we go on to add this information, so that S comes to express a true or false statement, we are said to interpret S, and the added information is called an interpretation of S. For example I might say He is killing all of them, and offer the interpretation that ‘he’ is Alfonso Arblaster of 35 The Crescent, Beetleford, and that ‘them’ are the pigeons in his loft. The structure I in the previous paragraph involves one fixed object and one fixed class. Note that the objects and classes in a structure carry labels that steer them to the right expressions in the sentence. If the same class is used to interpret all quantifiers, the class is called the domain or universe of the structure. One of those thingummy diseases is killing all the birds. 2. Take for example the following set of first-order sentences:
8 Types Of Imagination Imagination is critical to innovation and learning–but what exactly is it? Dr. Murray Hunter of the University of Malaysia Perlis discusses the 8 types of imagination we use on a daily basis, with explanations for each. Dr. Hunter defines imagination as “the ability to form mental images, phonological passages, analogies, or narratives of something that is not perceived through our senses. 8 Types of Imagination 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. More Info Visit the IntoEastAfrica blog for more reading. Requisite Carl Sagan And no mention of imagination would be complete without Carl Sagan. DARPA | DARPA ACTUV What is a logical fallacy? A "fallacy" is a mistake, and a "logical" fallacy is a mistake in reasoning. There are, of course, other types of mistake than mistakes in reasoning. For instance, factual mistakes are sometimes referred to as "fallacies". A logical error is a mistake in an argument, that is, a mistake in an instance of reasoning formulated in language. There are two types of mistake that can occur in arguments: A factual error in the premisses. In logic, the term "fallacy" is used in two related, but distinct ways. "Argumentum ad Hominem is a fallacy." In 1, what is called a "fallacy" is a type of argument, so that a "fallacy" in this sense is a type of mistaken reasoning. Clearly, these two senses are related: in 2, the argument may be called a "fallacy" because it is an instance of Argumentum ad Hominem, or some other type of fallacy. For the second sense, I will say that a specific argument "commits" a fallacy, or is "fallacious". History Sources: Why study fallacies?
50 Life Secrets and Tips Memorize something everyday.Not only will this leave your brain sharp and your memory functioning, you will also have a huge library of quotes to bust out at any moment. Poetry, sayings and philosophies are your best options.Constantly try to reduce your attachment to possessions.Those who are heavy-set with material desires will have a lot of trouble when their things are taken away from them or lost. Possessions do end up owning you, not the other way around. Become a person of minimal needs and you will be much more content.Develop an endless curiosity about this world.Become an explorer and view the world as your jungle. Read “Zen and the Art of Happiness” by Chris Prentiss.This book will give you the knowledge and instruction to be happy at all times regardless of the circumstances.
10 simple ways to save yourself from messing up your life - Stepcase Lifehack Stop taking so much notice of how you feel. How you feel is how you feel. It’ll pass soon. Adrian Savage is a writer, an Englishman, and a retired business executive, in that order. Read full content 30 Challenges for 30 Days Did you know that it takes 30 days to form a new habit? The first few days are similar as to how you would imagine the birth of a new river. Full of enthusiasm it gushes forth, only to be met by strong obstacles. The path is not clear yet, and your surroundings don’t agree. Old habits urge you to stay the same. So, take a moment to reflect on the question ‘Who do I want to be in 5 years?’ Check out this short TED talk first to get inspired: Now pick one or more challenges and stick with them! However, be cautioned, picking too many challenges at the same time can easily result in a failure of all of them. #1 Write a I-Like-This-About-You note/text/email each day for someone (Easy) This is the perfect way to let someone else know you care. #2 Talk to one stranger each day (Hard) This is a great one to cure approaching anxiety. #3 Take one picture each day (Hard) This one gets harder nearing the end of the challenge because at one point you will run out of the easy shots. We recommend:
Discovering Assumptions The instructor strode into the classroom empty handed. He nodded to the class and checked his watch. Seven P.M. Every chair was occupied, fifty in all. Many students wore business suits, ties pulled loose. A dozen stood against the back wall. Donning his spectacles, the instructor groped in his pocket for a scrap of paper. The instructor, an oversized, stern-looking character in his thirties, grasped the lectern with both hands and gazed intently at his new charges. "I have just written a number on a piece of paper," he said. The sound of scuffing feet. "I'll give you a hint," the instructor spoke solemnly. "Do you understand the question?" No answer. "I have written a number between one and a thousand on a piece of paper," said the instructor. A bearded chap, probably a graduate student, hesitated. The instructor cupped his hand behind his ear. Bearded Chap shrugged. "One moment please." "One?" "Was that a guess, too?" Gray Suit grinned. "How about 999?" The instructor squinted. "No."
10 tips for sharpening your logical thinking Logical thinking is critical for IT professionals, managers, and executives. You must be able to diagnose problems end users are having. You must be able to evaluate vendor claims. You must be able to refute your boss when he or she turns down your request for a raise or promotion. 1: The conditional statement Have you ever dropped your smartphone into water? This statement, in logic, is known as a conditional statement. 2: Understanding premise and conclusion shorthand The two parts of a conditional statement have specific terms with respect to logic. Sometimes, in shorthand, you will see the abbreviations "p" and "q" for "premise" and "conclusion," respectively. Once we understand the structure of an original conditional statement in terms of p and q, we can understand three other statements related to it. 3: The converse statement The converse of the original conditional statement simply reverses the premise and the conclusion. If a phone is dropped into water, it is ruined.
Mental Heuristics Page A heuristic is a "rule-of-thumb", advice that helps an AI program or human think and act more efficiently by directing thinking in an useful direction. Some of these heuristics are age-old wisdom, bordering on cliche, but most are actually helpful. If you want something done, do it yourself Comment: Obviously true, and doing it is usually very good for your self esteem. A surprising amount of work can be done this way, and experts are not always necessary. Never procrastinate anything you can do right now Comment: Very powerful. When you have several things you could be doing and don't know which to do: Just do any one of them! Comments: If you cannot decide between two or more possibilities, then there is a good chance that the differences don't matter. Always assume that you will succeed If you can't find a solution, change the rules. Comment: Remember that there are no no-win scenarios. If you cannot do anything about something, there is no point in worrying about it. Anders Main Page
amazers.org - Aspire To Inspire Psychology Today: Ten Politically Incorrect Truths About Human Nature Human nature is one of those things that everybody talks about but no one can define precisely. Every time we fall in love, fight with our spouse, get upset about the influx of immigrants into our country, or go to church, we are, in part, behaving as a human animal with our own unique evolved nature—human nature. This means two things. First, our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are produced not only by our individual experiences and environment in our own lifetime but also by what happened to our ancestors millions of years ago. Human behavior is a product both of our innate human nature and of our individual experience and environment. The implications of some of the ideas in this article may seem immoral, contrary to our ideals, or offensive. Why Beautiful People Have More Daughters, Long before TV—in 15th- and 16th- century Italy, and possibly two millennia ago—women were dying their hair blond. Men prefer young women in part because they tend to be healthier than older women.
7 Steps To Compel Creativity It is said that art imitates life. To be able to express oneself creatively is both powerful and fulfilling. True creativity resides within all of us, but because of the power of creativity those that aren’t ‘naturally gifted’ feel intimidated to even try. Imagine you’re painting a picture. Now, many would assume that the creative process involves simply transferring this beautiful image onto a canvas, that this is what it takes to be creative. The Subject Matter Layer In this example, nature has already given you a piece of art that anyone with a camera can share. The Creation Technique Layer In a painting, the next layer is the artist’s personal brush technique. Style is a very important part of this layer. The Perspective Layer Painting or photographing a picture is only the beginning of a creative exercise. In the case of our painting, it is the artist with the brush that provides this layer. The Interpretation Layer This is the layer where a piece will really begin to stand out.