Model Theory 1. Basic notions of model theory Sometimes we write or speak a sentence S that expresses nothing either true or false, because some crucial information is missing about what the words mean. If we go on to add this information, so that S comes to express a true or false statement, we are said to interpret S, and the added information is called an interpretation of S. For example I might say He is killing all of them, and offer the interpretation that ‘he’ is Alfonso Arblaster of 35 The Crescent, Beetleford, and that ‘them’ are the pigeons in his loft. The structure I in the previous paragraph involves one fixed object and one fixed class. Note that the objects and classes in a structure carry labels that steer them to the right expressions in the sentence. If the same class is used to interpret all quantifiers, the class is called the domain or universe of the structure. One of those thingummy diseases is killing all the birds. 2. Take for example the following set of first-order sentences:
8 Types Of Imagination Imagination is critical to innovation and learning–but what exactly is it? Dr. Murray Hunter of the University of Malaysia Perlis discusses the 8 types of imagination we use on a daily basis, with explanations for each. Dr. Hunter defines imagination as “the ability to form mental images, phonological passages, analogies, or narratives of something that is not perceived through our senses. 8 Types of Imagination 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. More Info Visit the IntoEastAfrica blog for more reading. Requisite Carl Sagan And no mention of imagination would be complete without Carl Sagan. SCHOPENHAUER'S 38 STRATAGEMS, OR 38 WAYS TO WIN AN ARGUMENT Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), was a brilliant German philosopher. These 38 Stratagems are excerpts from "The Art of Controversy", first translated into English and published in 1896. Carry your opponent's proposition beyond its natural limits; exaggerate it. (abstracted from the book:Numerical Lists You Never Knew or Once Knew and Probably Forget, by: John Boswell and Dan Starer)
Logic Puzzles - Difficult Logic Puzzles <p style="font-style:bold; color:red"> Warning: Solutions are currently displayed. To hide and show the solutions as desired, enable javascript on your browser </span></p> 1. The Most Intelligent Prince A king wants his daughter to marry the smartest of 3 extremely intelligent young princes, and so the king's wise men devised an intelligence test. The princes are gathered into a room and seated, facing one another, and are shown 2 black hats and 3 white hats. The king tells them that the first prince to deduce the color of his hat without removing it or looking at it will marry his daughter. You are one of the princes. Note: You know that your competitors are very intelligent and want nothing more than to marry the princess. Show Hint Show Solution Hint: Based on what you know, why are the other princes unable to solve this puzzle? Solution: White. The king would not select two white hats and one black hat. 2. 100 Gold Coins Guess: Guess | Show Hint Show Solution Solution: 98 4.
The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010 The end of 2010 fast approaches, and I'm thrilled to have been asked by the editors of Psychology Today to write about the Top 10 psychology studies of the year. I've focused on studies that I personally feel stand out, not only as examples of great science, but even more importantly, as examples of how the science of psychology can improve our lives. Each study has a clear "take home" message, offering the reader an insight or a simple strategy they can use to reach their goals , strengthen their relationships, make better decisions, or become happier. If you extract the wisdom from these ten studies and apply them in your own life, 2011 just might be a very good year. 1) How to Break Bad Habits If you are trying to stop smoking , swearing, or chewing your nails, you have probably tried the strategy of distracting yourself - taking your mind off whatever it is you are trying not to do - to break the habit. J. 2) How to Make Everything Seem Easier J. 3) How To Manage Your Time Better M. J.
What is a logical fallacy? A "fallacy" is a mistake, and a "logical" fallacy is a mistake in reasoning. There are, of course, other types of mistake than mistakes in reasoning. For instance, factual mistakes are sometimes referred to as "fallacies". A logical error is a mistake in an argument, that is, a mistake in an instance of reasoning formulated in language. There are two types of mistake that can occur in arguments: A factual error in the premisses. In logic, the term "fallacy" is used in two related, but distinct ways. "Argumentum ad Hominem is a fallacy." In 1, what is called a "fallacy" is a type of argument, so that a "fallacy" in this sense is a type of mistaken reasoning. Clearly, these two senses are related: in 2, the argument may be called a "fallacy" because it is an instance of Argumentum ad Hominem, or some other type of fallacy. For the second sense, I will say that a specific argument "commits" a fallacy, or is "fallacious". History Sources: Why study fallacies?
50 Life Secrets and Tips Memorize something everyday.Not only will this leave your brain sharp and your memory functioning, you will also have a huge library of quotes to bust out at any moment. Poetry, sayings and philosophies are your best options.Constantly try to reduce your attachment to possessions.Those who are heavy-set with material desires will have a lot of trouble when their things are taken away from them or lost. Possessions do end up owning you, not the other way around. Become a person of minimal needs and you will be much more content.Develop an endless curiosity about this world.Become an explorer and view the world as your jungle. Read “Zen and the Art of Happiness” by Chris Prentiss.This book will give you the knowledge and instruction to be happy at all times regardless of the circumstances.
The KidLion's Den, Possibly the most epic Frustrated Nice Guy rant ever... Are you an ‘educated’ predator? The mad clambering for grades is detrimental to the process of acquiring education. Education – slick, elite, expensive education – for which, I attend classes, take exams and tap a phenomenal fraction of my parent’s hard-earned money. Education – there is no word so grotesquely misunderstood. No idea so ill-expressed. Little does anyone realise that the mad rat-race to score better grades does not ‘educate.’ Relative grading gives you the grade, but it ingrains in you the idea that your success is tied to another student’s failure. Better grade equals better education? Better grades are universally thought to be reflective of a ‘better educated’ student. Education, however, is not the skill of passing exams or surviving the scars of the corporate world. Upon observing the current state of affairs, one is met with the revelation that the ‘employable’ are often the least-educated. Scarring paradox, no? Grades vs education on Twitter, become a fan on Facebook Faiza Rahman Email me
What Are the 5 Personality Dimensions Video There are five major personality dimensions that generally determine someone's personality traits. This video from About.com will explain the five personality dimensions.See Transcript Hello, I'm Dr. Jean Leahy. I'm a clinical psychologist in private practice in Chicago, and I'm here with About.com. Five Main Personality Dimensions The "Big Five" are broad categorizations of personality traits. Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism The third is Extroversion, where one would seek stimulation in the company of others. To learn more about the Big Five, as well as other traits in psychology, visit us on the web at About.com. About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the User Agreement.
10 simple ways to save yourself from messing up your life - Stepcase Lifehack Stop taking so much notice of how you feel. How you feel is how you feel. It’ll pass soon. Adrian Savage is a writer, an Englishman, and a retired business executive, in that order. Read full content 30 Challenges for 30 Days Did you know that it takes 30 days to form a new habit? The first few days are similar as to how you would imagine the birth of a new river. Full of enthusiasm it gushes forth, only to be met by strong obstacles. The path is not clear yet, and your surroundings don’t agree. Old habits urge you to stay the same. So, take a moment to reflect on the question ‘Who do I want to be in 5 years?’ Check out this short TED talk first to get inspired: Now pick one or more challenges and stick with them! However, be cautioned, picking too many challenges at the same time can easily result in a failure of all of them. #1 Write a I-Like-This-About-You note/text/email each day for someone (Easy) This is the perfect way to let someone else know you care. #2 Talk to one stranger each day (Hard) This is a great one to cure approaching anxiety. #3 Take one picture each day (Hard) This one gets harder nearing the end of the challenge because at one point you will run out of the easy shots. We recommend:
Call of Apathy: Violent Young Men and Our Place in War » Medium Difficulty By W. [Editor’s Note: W is an experienced soldier with combat experience in several corners of the world. They are now working as a PMC and cannot reveal their identity due to the possibility of backlash. As they put it, “The military is a very, very tight-knit community.” This article has been edited for style and clarity; no additions or deletions have been made. W's opinions are, of course, their own.] Disclaimer: I am not an academic. I am a private military contractor, and I have an issue with the depiction of war in videogames — or more specifically, the soldiers in those games. When I say soldier, let me be clear that I am talking about the Infantryman and the Special Forces operator, as I have next to no knowledge about anything outside of this relatively small percentile of service personnel. Unfortunately, the vast majority of games featuring the military focus on these frontline combat troops in “realistic” action. Every mission is set in the same level. Heroes are a myth.