United States Constitution Supreme law of the United States of America The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.[3] It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress (Article I); the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers (Article II); and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts (Article III). Contents Background First government From September 5, 1774, to March 1, 1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States. Articles of Confederation Congress was paralyzed. History 1787 drafting Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention's outset: Preamble
Transcript of the Constitution of the United States - Official Text The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription Note: The following text is a transcription of the Constitution as it was inscribed by Jacob Shallus on parchment (the document on display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum.) Items that are hyperlinked have since been amended or superseded. We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article. Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section. 2. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Section. 3. Section. 4. Section. 5. G°.
The U.S. Constitution By September 1787, the convention’s five-member Committee of Style (Hamilton, Madison, William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, Gouverneur Morris of New York, Rufus King of Massachusetts) had drafted the final text of the Constitution, which consisted of some 4,200 words. On September 17, George Washington was the first to sign the document. Of the 55 delegates, a total of 39 signed; some had already left Philadelphia, and three–George Mason (1725-92) and Edmund Randolph (1753-1813) of Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry (1744-1813) of Massachusetts–refused to approve the document. In order for the Constitution to become law, it then had to be ratified by nine of the 13 states. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, with assistance from John Jay, wrote a series of essays to persuade people to ratify the Constitution. Beginning on December 7, 1787, five states–Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia and Connecticut–ratified the Constitution in quick succession.
United States Declaration of Independence 1776 assertion of colonial America's independence from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence (formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America) is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. The Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. The Lee Resolution for independence was passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 2 with no opposing votes. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Background Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration Congress convenes Toward independence Revising instructions Some colonies held back from endorsing independence. Signing
Escalation of commitment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Escalation of commitment was first described by Barry M. Staw in his 1976 paper, "Knee deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action". [ 1 ] More recently the term " sunk cost fallacy " has been used to describe the phenomenon where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost, starting today, of continuing the decision outweighs the expected benefit. Such investment may include money, time, or — in the case of military strategy — human lives. The phenomenon and the sentiment underlying it are reflected in such proverbial images as "Throwing good money after bad", "In for a dime, in for a dollar", or "In for a penny, in for a pound". The term is also used to describe poor decision-making in business , politics , and gambling . [ edit ] The 4 main determinants in escalation of commitment [ edit ] Examples [ edit ] See also [ edit ] References ^ Barry M.
Insight Meditation Society | Insight Meditation Society Vipassana Meditation 5 rules for productive conflict Rob Manning did everything in his power to screw up the Curiosity rover’s landing on Mars last night. Manning not only cut radio signals to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s control room, but also simulated a hole being poked in the rover’s fuel system and solar flares flying toward the spacecraft. Why would he do this? Because he is the chief engineer for the rover mission, and wanted his team to be able to handle any worst-case scenario. “Being a gremlin allows me to soul-search and look at all the things that I missed,” Manning told the Chicago Tribune in the days before last night’s landing. Manning’s mischief would certainly get a thumbs up from management expert Margaret Heffernan. To make her point, Heffernan shared the story of Alice Stewart, an epidemiologist in England in the 1950s, who studied a steep uptick in the incidence of childhood cancer. 1. 2. 5. Explains Heffernan, “All of these guidelines are neutral and designed to aid exploration rather than judgment.